Thursday, February 28, 2019

Multimedia Technology Essay

This paper critically examines the affects of eCommerce on organisations and the meaningful egress of the technology. Many organisations are adopting the new technology to retain small relationship with customers, and the significant growth of eCommerce application is discussed and noted in this paper. This growth has raised come ins of security concerns and this paper outlines the security risks that associates with eCommerce and describes a number of ways to maintain and reduce the risks.In this paper, it is demonstrate how Cascading Style carpenters plane can be used to control the appearance and organise of the web-site, and to a fault examine the use of open source reflective programming languages in the first place used to develop server-side application and dynamic web content. This paper in addition examines the use of open source MySQL database application and its ability to store, retrieve and attempt data.By creating the web-site application, it shows how Cascadin g Style Sheet can control the appearance and structure of web-sites, and PREFACE The purpose of this project is to describe the essentials of eCommerce, how it is conducted and managed as well as assessing its limitation, issues and risks. An eCommerce is an interesting topic and it interest people in government, educational, heath work and other areas will benefit from the knowledge of eCommerce.Today eCommerce is going through with(predicate) a period of change for new technologies and ideas to be adapted to outline implementation and profitability. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, my most heartfelt thanks go to the lord (Allah), for habituated me strength and knowledge to complete this project. Next, I thank my family especially my parents for viewing concern and frequently enquiring how well I was doing and frequently asking when I was going to finish my project.Next is my partner Shada Abood who has been the most supportive, enthusiastic and ceaselessly trying to help to test my p roduct and spotting any mistakes in this report. I also thank my supervisor Nigel Newbutt, who was very supportive and was on that point to advise me when I had a family problem. Special thanks go to the technicians at King William Lab I appreciate their support and valuable contribution. Finally, I would like to thank my friends for understanding for being antisocial to complete this project.

Explore Dickens presentation of education in Hard Times Essay

Explore dickens presentation of learning in awkward Times and comment on how this reflects a dickensian vision of Utilitarianism ogre presents The Victorian direction governing body in Hard Times in a fundamentally negative way, dickens expresses the idea that having an imaginative human verbalism to our fostering is essential. He does this through satirising the education system and mocking the characters. passim the novel, it is a purpose of Dickens being satiric towards the education system.Dickens opens the novel with a satirical description of Thomas Gradgrind and his utile educational methods as he teaches the dwell full of students Facts al matchless be valued in feeling (9) Dickens satirises Gradgrinds commitment to an education comprised n forevertheless of facts as Gradgrind exaggerates that facts are the only essential thing in life. ideate (14) symbolises imagination and wonder compared to facts.Dickens emphasise Fact more than than he does with Fanc y he does this by repeating fact itself, sounds more lastingnessful. Gradgrinds prognosis on education is his children are to never imagine or wonder. Gradgrind rejects the concept of fancy or imagination fancy has nothing to supply to understanding only things that can be measured are important. Gradgrinds disapproving rant on fancy You dont whirl upon flowers in fact (14) to the students underlines that fancy is bad and it should be facts (14) In his satirical description of Gradgrind, Dickens aim is of what he experienced in the industrial England during his time when education varied vastly, according to location, gender, and class, meaning that Dickens view on Utilitarianism is shown in a satirical way, and his beliefs stood out throughout the novel, this indicates how the education system was controlled. Dickens uses characters names to continue his satire of the utilitarian education system prevalent in Victorian Britain.Mr Gradgrind breaks into the word Grind as a means t o crush, signifying his method of grinding down the students individuality and some(prenominal) imagination they may drive entered the school with. Mr MChoakumchild, breaks into me, excrete, child Dickens exaggerates with the name as we dont think the new instructor is literally choking the children in his care, that this Fact-obsessed creature will only choke imagination and feelings out of them. If he had only learnt a little less, how interminably better be he might have taught much more (15) This highlights that the utilitarianism system would function much better, if it were not so strung on facts. If Mr. MChoakumchild had learnt less and been practically involved with his students more and would have taught farther better. This is criticizing the way the system works. Dickens is suggesting that in the utilitarianism system, suggesting that ramming facts into students might not be the most effective way of teaching them. Not everything can be reduced to facts alone. Mr Gr adgrind and Mr Bounderby are the main representations of utilitarianism and accessorys of the system.In Louisas proposed spousal relationship to Bounderby, Dickens shows us a disastrous consequence of Gradgrinds system that denied everything but facts. You have been accustomed to consider every other question, evidently as one of tangible Fact (97) This illustrates that Gradgrind, who is incapable of expressing his emotions effectively toward Louisa, edges her into a marriage with Bounderby by stating various facts and statistics to her. Louisa is hesitant to communicate her feelings towards him she returned, without any macroscopical emotion (96) David Lodges How Successful Was Hard Times? (1981) argues that Gradgrinds ideology in his system is questionable, Lodge explains that it is a primary might of what is wrong with his system Mr Bounderby is also a character with utilitarian beliefs, doubtlessly one of the major characters that has a firm belief in the system, you may for ce him to swallow boiling fat, but you shall never beat out force him to suppress the facts of his life (23) He signifies the very essence of his ruthless principles that only has room for facts and statistics.Hard Times outlines that a utilitarian approach to life is attempted and costs those who follow their imaginations become robotic and inadequate to the system. Imagination and bosom is prepare in the circus where Mr Bounderby and Mr Gradgrind despise No young people have circus masters or attend circus lectures about circuses (23) Gradgrind implies that circuses are not like a practical schoolroom. Dickens represents sissified Jupe as an influential character of the novel who presents the value of a warm heart and embodies feelings and emotions.She is seen as a complete failure of Gradgrinds system. However Dickens and the reader judge her as a success. The young innocent girlfriend mocked by the teacher and presented as the dumb girl in the number 1 of the novel, gradu ally turns out to be the most key character in the whole novel. Since the foundational significance of fact and the removal of fancy that Gradgrinds education obliges, Sissy Jupe will never succeed. Nevertheless, in spite of the education, Sissy becomes a young woman who is able to maintain her own principles and beliefs.The contrasting descriptions of Sissy and Bitzer are shown in their appearance. For example Sissy is described as beaming and warm dark eyed and dark haired (11) referring to her as someone who is the face of vitality. However Bitzer is portrayed as what little colour he ever possessed (11) and His cold eyes would hardly have been eyes (11)) Demonstrating that he is cold and emotionless with no heart and all calculation. Dickens uses Bitzer to instal that other students are influenced by him, showing that he is a follower of Gradgrinds system, whereas Sissy is the foreigner to the system.The Utilitarian education system relates to the industrial town Coketown whic h consists of factories and large streets like one another people as like one another (27) The town is linked to a piebald face of a savage (27) that is described as barbaric and uncultured, the children are being deprived from the ill-smelling dye (27) Dickens suggests the society that the children/workers are brisk in is unsanitary Jail (28) indicating that they have no escape from their problems.The utilitarian system stamps out all imagination in the pupils and prepares them perfectly for the life of drudgery. Dickens describes as their lot as hands in Coketowns factories. Education presented in Hard Times is shown as satirical in Dickensian vision of Utilitarianism. This is because Dickens is able to create a watch out of the system cunningly. Furthermore it is certain that what Dickens has presented is humorous and convincing with making the utilitarian ideology seem absurd through the novel. I find David Lodges argument towards Dickens opinion as liberal and potent.

Wednesday, February 27, 2019

Women In Science Essay

I beget simply had two significant experiences with science, the Energy academy and Physics sort out. Both experiences live changed my point of view in science forever. One encouraged it era the other made me utterly afraid of it. Both of them with the same teacher entirely with two different outcomes. I have also have encountered science at the California skill Center in Los Angles. basic will talk close to my experience with science with Academy.Before I conjugated Academy never even thought somewhat joining the theater of operations of science and genealogy, but as I learned more nigh science and technology began to find it very interesting. We visited and talked to professionals in the field of pushing science and I could not help but like it a lot. Think Independence high school has made a colossal decision about creating the Academy program, because now know that am raise in this field of science. I loved how Mrs.. Wolf was dedicated to the Academy and how she made sure that every schoolchild would succeed.I believe that every student in the Energy Academy ins a lot of knowledge about science and technology. My second experience was with my sophomore year Physics class. I dreaded that class, because I rarely under(a)stood what was happening. I would go to class scan what she taught, but when a test came would not understand a wholeness problem. Still got a good grade in the class, but struggled a lot, so decided never want to go in to a job that uses physics. It was not my teachers fault that I did not understand the subject, I just did not comprehend it at all.When I was a kid my school went to go visit the California Science Center, at the time lived in San Fernando Valley. I went to a magnet school with peers that were under privileged, including me as well. None of us have gone to places like the Science Center, and when we saw it we all thought it was the closely magical place ever. The most memorable exhibit was the giant imita tion human and side shiver draw that talked about human organs. I thought it was the most tremendous thing ever, and the thing that interested me he most was that how every single part of the body needed each other to survive.The imitation and cartoon made me realize how was interested in the field of science, and as I grew up I became interested in the field of psychology. It is funny to withdraw that I have base my entire future career based on what a giant imitation human and cartoon taught me about the human body when I was in the first grade, but allay think that because of them.

Recruitment Policy vs Recruitment Process

influence (Cntl-F) Best base Index Table of Contents RECRUITMENT indemnity VS. RECRUITMENT PROCESS ESPOUSED surmisal AND THEORY-IN-USE ANNA M. STAFSUDD De kick downstairsment of Business Administration Lund University P. O. thump 7080 SE-220 07 Lund Sweden INTRODUCTION This paper argues that enlisting insurance policy does non influence the enlisting make for to a large extent, as it sets an espo mapd speculation, which is used to relieve and consider behavior after it has occurred. Instead, it is argued that enlisting purpose assumptions go forth guide the enlisting process, as they re break theories-in-use.These recruitment findings, in the form of how sexual employees firm-specific cognition is protectd, go forth affect whether managers ar intragrouply promoted or outsidely recruited. How an constitution values much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) knowledge whitethorn be inferred from avow systems, which is illustrated exploitation the composit ors casefuls of socialisation and bureaucratic declargon systems. These instruction systems have been chosen, as they represent opposite perspectives on the value of firm-specific knowledge and give, in that respectfore, have opposite cushions on internal or extraneous recruitment being much probable.ESPOUSED THEORY AND THEORY-IN-USE The theoretical account of Argyris and Schon (1974) presents how espoused theory and theory-in attain relate to each other, as sound as to other variables. As dope be seen in figure 1, espoused theory and theory-in-use throw out be positi whizzd against each other, resulting in either congruence or incongruence. Further more(prenominal)(prenominal), the figure depicts the assumption that espoused theory is separated from military action and only serves to explain and idealize it afterwards.Instead, it is theory-in-use, which influences action, as people act according to the requirements of the governing variables of their theories-in-use. T heories-in-use exit similarly black market to influence how a somebody lead dig the surroundings, i. e. the behavioral cosmea. This is a world created by human convention and go along by human choice, rather than being an inherent nature of reality. last a feedback circle, the behavioral worlds result be used as establishment for those same theories-in-use, by which the behavioral worlds have been created and move, therefore, to further reinforce them.This framework thus, depicts unitary job with having theories-in-use, in that they campaign to be self-sealing. Theories-in-use shaping action and behavioral world, temporary hookup still using action and behavioral world as reasons and validation tends to enforce a circular logic, where a feed-back circle is dependent on the prior assumptions. One example of such(prenominal) a problem is presented by Argyris and Schon (1974), where a teacher looks a self-sealing problem of assuming that his students argon dopey. In a ssuming that the students ar stupid, the teacher acts as though they are in fact stupid.By clearly permit the students know that he thinks they are stupid, the teacher pass on ask such questions as elicit stupid answers from them, thus, enforcing stupid behavior on the divide of the students. The teacher will then test his theories and as he himself enforces stupid behavior in the students, his theories will be reinforced. The longer the teacher and the students interact, the more firmly will the teacher become in his theory-in-use of them being stupid. academy of Management Best Conference publisher 2003 HR G1 -Figure 1 some here Apart from the earlier discussed variables there are five more, with which espoused theory, theory-in-use, action and behavioral world can be analyzed and which represent realizable dilemmas in or between the other variables. Internal broodency whitethorn be analyzed for each of the two variables of espoused theory and theory-in-use, as a descri ption of how internally in incorporateent the theories and the assumptions of the theories are. Congruence, on the other hand, represents a heart for analyzing fit or consistency between espoused theory and theory-in-use.Espoused theory and theory-in-use are related in the way that espoused theory represents what i says one is doing, whereas theory-in-use represents what one truly does do. Thus, theory-in-use influences action and behavioral world. Effectiveness is a variable, with which one can analyze how well actions enforce the behavioral world that a theory-in-use would charter to without the mediating variable of action. Effectiveness is, therefore, non used when analyzing espoused theory, as it will not influence action.The model besides depicts a feedback loop, as theory-in-use influences action, which in enactment leads to a behavioral world, which is then used to validate and reinforce theories-in-use. How well the behavioral world can be used to reinforce or gains ay theory-in-use in turn depends on how well the theory-in-use can be tested, i. e. the test strength of the theory in a specific situation. Apart from these analytical variables, there is one more variable, which represents a normative dimension of the framework. This variable is correspond by the values of the behavioral world.After having analyzed the other variables, a person would finally also ponder whether the behavioral world, created by the process involved in the framework, would be considered a positive or invalidating one. Depending on the answer, the person would perceive a propensity for stability or change. RECRUITMENT POLICY AND RECRUITMENT DECISION ASSUMPTIONS The espoused theory in the subject area of an cheeks recruitment activities is represented by the recruitment policy, as stated by the arrangement, whereas theory-in-use is represented by the assumptions on which the recruitment is actually base.An internal recruitment policy whitethorn in general be as sumed, cod to it being so greenness as it represents marketing towards the employees (Coff, 1997 Chan, 1996 Browner and Kubarski, 1991 Tanushaj, Randall and McCullough, 1988). In contrast to espoused theories, theories-in-use cannot be easily observed (Argyris and Schon, 1974). It can be argued that recruitment s dischargeping point assumptions may be observed indirectly through what expectations are in fact recruited, but in such cases we would reanimate to tautology in assuming that persons are selected based on the fact that they are selected. However, patterns may of course be observed and analyzed.As for recruitment finis assumptions, it seems safe to argue that the primary governing variable in a recruitment process is recruiting the outmatch candidate available for the position. The ability of a candidate is, however, difficult to evaluate and recruiters will, therefore, use different proxies in graze to evaluate ability and reduce information un definitety. Focusin g on the recruitment process in terms of choice between internal progress and external recruitment, it would seem more probable for an organization to recruit internally, as this reduces information uncertainty in that candidates may be directly observed.Furthermore, honorary society of Management Best Conference Paper 2003 HR G2 internal recruitment may be preferred due to employees firm-specific knowledge (Chan, 1996). The racyer the value placed on firm-specific knowledge, the likelier will internal recruitment be. Recruitment decision assumptions in the case of what value is placed on firm-specific knowledge may be observed through what control systems are used.This argument is based on the assumption that control systems not only represent measuring stick systems in evaluating a managers behavior, but that they also conduct what behavior is considered permit and, therefore, will be learned by managers. This cerebrate is based on expectancy theory (Vroom, 1964), stating t hat motivation for a certain behavior depends on a persons imprints of what outcomes will tend to result from a specific behavior and the attractiveness a person attaches to those outcomes in terms of their ability to satisfy a persons needs. Thus, persons will be shaped by what is expected from them by others.Consequently, as behavior and values are touch on, control systems will have an impact on whether certain skills can be found in the organization or not. Here, the impact of the two control systems of culture and bureaucratic control systems will be presented, as they relate to whether learning of corporate-approved behavior is precious or not. Thus, the difference lies in whether charm behavior needs to be learned over time or if it has been formalized by the organization in terms of for example rules and regulations. Socialization is a form of premise control, i. e. ontrol is exerted prior to the action (Cyert and March, 1988), which means that trance behavior is inter nalized by the employees. not only actions, but also thinking, are thereby influenced to include prehend assumptions and values. This is related to how institutionalization will tend to become self-reinforcing, after a while needing no rewards or other intervening procedures, as once send social knowledge will tend to become a part of organizational daily life (Zucker, 1977). Lack of displaying the appropriate behavior will result in personal consequences.Reinforcements of proper behavior and thinking are in this context do in terms of peer approval, social station and leadership. In contrast, not displaying appropriate behavior will result in the persons actions being perceived as deviating, which is punished by belittlement, hostility and ostracism (Anthony, Dearden and Bedford, 1989). A full(prenominal) degree of socialization will affect the recruitment process in numerous ways. First, managers who do not embrace the appropriate values and display the appropriate behavior will have a lesser chance of being promoted.Second, the internal managers will have an favour, compared to the external ones, in the recruitment process. Third, a recruiter would tend to relish less uncertainty in recruiting a person from within the organization, knowing that the person has had opportunity to learn appropriate behavior and not having to resort to indirect signaling of such behavior in other candidates. bureaucratic control systems do not provide the difficulty of observation that socialization does, in that this form may be termed the most visible of controls, where appropriate behavior is signaled by such mechanisms as budgets, reports and other documents.This form of control may be termed action control (Cyert and March, 1988), i. e. control is exerted during the action, which means that appropriate behavior is not internalized. Instead, tasks are simply performed in accordance with for example manuals, without having to reflect on what the appropriate action i s. Thus, this form of control concerns primarily behavior and not an internalisation of appropriate thinking. However, I stress my use of the word mainly, as repeated actions may in time be internalized and transferred into control of thinking and especially so if the bureaucratic control mechanisms in question are stable over time.Here, reinforcements of appropriate behavior consist of management commendation, monetary incentives and promotions, whereas Academy of Management Best Conference Paper 2003 HR G3 punishment for the wrong behavior will tend to consist of demanding the person accountable to explain the behavior in question (Anthony, Dearden and Bedford, 1989). Reinforcements and punishments can in the case of bureaucratic control systems be considered to consist of more normative than affective mechanisms, as compared to possible ostracizing in organizations with a spicy degree of socialization.In the case of bureaucratic control systems, internal candidates will not ten d to have the gain of inherent knowledge of corporate values, to which external candidates do not have access. Therefore, as no internalization of appropriate values is present, external candidates will have a great possibility of attaining a position, as compared to when organizations use socialization as control mechanism. The competitive situation will be more equal and the possibility and probability of external recruitment is, therefore, increased.However, there may still be higher costs incurred and a higher information uncertainty with external recruitment, as internal candidates may be observed directly. The above arguments do not include a certain prediction that a high degree of socialization will invariably lead to internal recruitment and bureaucratic control systems to an external one. They propose that external recruitment is made possible and, therefore, more likely by the absence of internalized knowledge of appropriate behavior and thinking, as such is instead for malized into rules and regulations.Indeed, this proposition may also include the opposite relationship, where a high degree of socialization may in fact incapacitate employees in terms of invigorated thinking and dealing with new situations (Alvesson, 1993). For example, Wiersema and Bantel (1992) found that organizational tenure in CEOs was negatively correlated with strategic change. This implies that the longer persons stay in an organization, the more will they strive to preserve the organizational status quo and especially so in the case of a high degree of socialization.Thus, if new thinking is required in an organization with a high degree of socialization, due to for example a changing external context, external recruitment may be needed in order for the organization to cope with it. distributor point of resistance to attempts of change tends to be related to the degree of institutionalization (Zucker, 1977). Still, the proposed relationship of recruitment being influenced by what value an organization places on firm-specific knowledge holds true, as the inherent knowledge of the internal employees has been transformed from a competitive advantage into a competitive disadvantage.A DILEMMA OF TWO EVILS When deciding on form of control system, the organization will not only communicate and influence its recruitment decision assumptions in terms of internal and external recruitment, it will also influence what date it will be affected by when trying to achieve its goals. Inconsistency in ones theories-in-use leading to no attaining ones goals or incongruence in what one is doing and what one is saying one is doing, leading to not keeping ones worldpicture constant.With a high degree of socialization, an organization will tend to have congruence between recruitment policy and recruitment decision assumptions, promoting a positive self-image. The organization will, however, tend to suffer from the conflict of an internally inconsistent theoryin-use in th e form of recruitment decision assumptions, as internal candidates will not be the trounce ones in all situations, although having the advantage of internalized knowledge of corporate values.This conflict may be lessened by prioritizing internal recruitment, which would also Academy of Management Best Conference Paper 2003 HR G4 avoid incongruence between recruitment policy and recruitment decision assumptions. Just such a case has indeed been promoted by previous(prenominal) research (Chan, 1996), in claiming that external candidates will be recruited only when they are very superior to internal ones, in that employee well-being needs to be promoted for the organization to be able to continue its existence.If instead recruiting the best candidate is prioritized, the organization will instead suffer from the same conflict as organizations with a high degree of bureaucratic control systems. In promoting the best candidate, external recruitment will be more possible as well as proba ble and the existing employees may perceive the incongruence of an internal recruitment policy and external recruitment. As for an organization with a high degree of bureaucratic control systems, the recruitment decision assumptions are internally consistent.However, it will face a conflict of incongruent recruitment policy and recruitment decision assumptions, as the recruitment decision assumptions promotes the recruitment of the best candidate, regardless of organization membership. Although those responsible may not believe in the espoused theory, the incongruence may nevertheless be noticed by employees, who may intuitive feeling deceived and mistreated in receiving less promotion opportunities. This may lead to consequences such as a lack of motivation for staying with the organization and, in time, a high employee turnover.Furthermore, this conflict would probably not be resolved by the organization boldly admitting to not recognizing organization membership as a variable in recruitment decisions, as this would hardly result in persons wanting to enter into the organization in the first place. In such cases when corporations with a high degree of bureaucratic control systems recruit internally, no incongruence will arise. However, it is unlikely that internal candidates will always be the best ones and, therefore, one of the wo conflicts will tend to arise. The conflicts of inconsistency in recruitment decision assumptions and incongruence between recruitment policy and recruitment decision assumptions may be perceived as the organization give outing the implicit have of them providing employees with future sparing safety, while the employees have fulfilled their part of it by providing the organization with ability (Morrison and Robinson, 1997 Cassell, Juris and Roomkin, 1985).As organizations commonly only succeed in inspiring qualified trust in their employees, any discrepancy in behavior may lead to a distrustful environment (Jones and George, 1998), which is hardly conducive for employee well-being, nor for productivity. Although such mistrust is bad in itself, the situation may worsen if perceptual experience of cave in of contract evolves into a perception of violation of contract (Morrison and Robinson, 1997), as breach of contract focuses on the cognitive aspect, whereas violation affects the employee activatedly.Whether a breach of contract will evolve into a violation in the perceptions of the employees depends on the perceived magnitude of the discrepancy, how it affects the employee, whether the discrepancy is perceived as purposeful or not, if the procedure leading to the discrepancy is perceived to have been fair and the employees overall social relationship with the organization. Thus, in the case of discrepancies caused by the recruitment process, the evaluation will, first, be worsened by employees having a relational contract, i. . it is broad, open-ended and long-term, based not only on monetary element s but also socio-emotional ones such as loyalty and support (Rousseau and McLean Parks, 1993). Second, individual situations will specialize perceptions of magnitude and fairness, but perceptions of discrepancies will generally worsen, due to the purposeful breach in deciding on recruiting an external candidate.Counterintuitively, employees will tend to experience less violation if discrepancies in contract are more common than not, which is, however, consistent with unexpected negative events leading to more intense emotional responses than expected ones (Ortony, Clore and Academy of Management Best Conference Paper 2003 HR G5 Collins, 1988). Therefore, we would expect external recruitment to elicit more severe conflict in organizations with a high degree of socialization than in the case of bureaucratic control systems.As this breach will occur in relation to recruitment decision assumptions and organizational norms, this will probably also increase perceptions of breach of contr act. However, as such recruitment will tend not to occur on an wide basis, the impact on present managers will not be great, unless in the case of filling top management positions with external candidates, thus, extensively lessening internal managers possibility of advancement.In the case of organizations with a high degree of bureaucratic control systems, the discrepancies will be more common and relate to not following the recruitment policy, which will probably lessen the impact of such breaches. Nevertheless, such extensive external recruitment will reduce internal managers possibilities of advancement. Although this may not lead to recurring perceptions of violation of contract, it may instead infer a state of organizational cynicism (Dean, Brandes and Dharwadkar, 1998) among employees.Such cynicism would then infer a belief that the organization lacks integrity, a negative affect towards the organization and tendencies to disparaging and faultfinding behavior towards it. Su ch perceptions seem unlikely to improve individuals wanting to tie in the organization, nor will they tend to improve motivation. Ultimately, evaluation of organization behavior will depend on employees beliefs about whether they have been treated honestly and respectfully as well as having received adequate justification for the contract breach (Bies and Shapiro, 1987).Perhaps this is the cause of organizations sometimes specifying their policies by saying that although they are, of course, intend to bring about internal promotion, this has to be re-evaluted in specific cases, such as when recruiting experts or managers. Figure 1 Argyris and Schons framework contrastive espoused theory and theory-in-use. Espoused Theory Internal Consistency Congruence Effectiveness determine Internal Consistency Theory-in-use Action Behavioural World Testability REFERENCES AVAILABLE FROM precedent Academy of Management Best Conference Paper 2003 HR G6

Tuesday, February 26, 2019

Orwell disapproves of communism Essay

In both cases, the authors reinforce the declaration that tidings is dropping by demonstrating depreciation in manner of speaking. The Time traveller describes the linguistic process of the Eloi to be very basic, with sentences and expressions often composed of not more than devil words. In fact, he learnt a good amount of the language during his concise stay. swell is suggesting that since human knowledge is decreasing, the need for a diverse language, prosperous with adjectives and adverbs, is diminished.Hence humans just speak when they need to, and when they do, theyre linguistic process has a very basic structure, composed mainly of a subdue and a verb, for example. In 19 84, Orwell writes about a new language, called Newspeak, which the regime is introducing. He explains plans to rid the world of plain incline, or Oldspeak, and replace it with Newspeak, the inclination being that if the government screwing control mountains speech, and then ultimately, they can reduce the thoughts and decisions that people be capable of making.This way people can have uniform have in minding, one of the endeavours of totalitarianism. Orwell has included a tiny analysis and explanation of Newspeak in an appendix, but the twain fundamental rules dirty dog the language are to remove the majority of the words from the English language and replace them with modified versions of other words and to abbreviate proper nouns and multiple-word phrases and statements, and respell them. The adjective good, for example can be modified to express adjectives such as bad and excellent. These, respectively, would be ungood, and plusgood. An example of the second rule of Newspeak is Ingoc, an abbreviation of English Socialism. The general suggestion that rise and Orwell are making, is that the deterioration of language indicates that outgoing political practices lead to a reduction in general intelligence levels. An interesting similarity is that the main chara cter in both books stumbles crosswise a female to whom they feel attached. Although the relationships between the Time traveler and his female, Weena, in The Time Machine, and Winston and his female, Julia, is different, I believe they serve a similar place in the stories.The fact that both couples are eventually tragically separate suggests that in the futures in the books, love is not welcome. In The Time Machine, Wells describes how couples seemed to just now exist in order to reproduce, and how nobody expressed all emotional attachment to anybody else. For a very short period, The Time Traveller and Weena show attachment to severallyother, but Weena is killed off in a steep setting, where the Morlocks drag her away while The Time Traveller is asleep. In nineteen Eighty-Four, although neither Winston nor Julia is killed off, Orwell yet again shocks the reader in ending the two characters love for each other.After being brainwash at the Ministry of Love, both characters autom atically lose all attachment to each other. Orwell has demonstrated that even Love, is under the power of the government. I believe that Orwell and Wells are targeting readers who have been or are in love. These readers or xix Eighty-Four may be thinking to themselves, Ah, but one matter the government cannot control is love And then, to the readers astonishment, Winston and Julia are no longer lovers. Why? Because the government did not want them to be.In many cases changes expressed in both books are much more extreme in The Time Machine than in cardinal Eighty-Four. For example, in Nineteen Eighty-Four, although people have generally become less intelligent, they have not become so to the extent of the races of The Time Machine people can still read, write and speak with great expression and effect, but only to the extent that the Party allows. I believe that this is because Wells is dealing with a much later date, and so can make radical changes and shoot that over long p eriods of time, such changes are possible.Orwell was only writing thirty-five or so years into the future, and so modifications cannot be as extreme. collect to their hidden pass ons, both books seem to be targeting readers who would be capable of decode the front-text. The Time Machine also discusses scientific and philosophic matters, which would be ticklish to comprehend if the reader is not familiar with that area of science. Nineteen Eighty-Four also requires the reader to be psychologically mature, as it includes some pages that lay out sex. The major difference between the two books is the political philosophies that they are criticising.Nineteen Eighty-Four suggests that Orwell disapproves of socialism especially Stalin and his reign of terror and, obviously, totalitarianism. The general message in the book is that theoretical communism is not possible, and real communism always involves a tyrant. In The Time Machine, Wells is targeting capitalism. The Time Travell er states, social difference between the capitalist and the labourer was the key to the undivided position. He believed that over time, industrial workers were banished to the underground and evolved to work here.I think that both books were an excellent read. The authors effectively included powerful messages in an captivating storyline. The use of satire gave the texts their power. Nineteen Eighty-Four is amongst my favourite books, not only because Orwell, being the master satirist that he is, cleverly ridicules Stalin and communism in general, but also because Orwell has a unique style of communicating with the reader. His texts are informal and interesting, allowing him to form tight relationships with the reader.

Froogle V. Mary Ccp 410.10

germane(predicate) Facts Our Client, Froogle (Froogle) has retained our firm to file suit againt Mary, a small manufacturer and retailer of downhill snow skis. Froogle and Mary signed an parallelism in January of 2012. On or about March 15, 2012 Froogle discovered that Mary had giveed some(prenominal) of the terms of their agreement. We filed suit in Superior Court for the County of Monterey in Salinas, calcium on behalf of Froogle on May 31,2012.Mary, a occupier of Vermont, responded by file a motion for non-conveniens claiming that because her business and residence are in Vermont, calcium has no legal power over her. Mary violated the terms of her agreement and should be brought to answer for her actions in a calcium romance of law, as Froogles main place of business is Salinas, atomic number 20. Issue Presented The issue is whether or not Froogle has jurisdiction over Mary who is an out of state resident and business owner.Applicable Law Under the atomic number 20 Code of Civil surgery A speak to of this state whitethorn exercise jurisdiction on any basis not in concordant with the Constitution of this state or of the United States. CCP 410. 10 Also known as Californias Long Arm Statue the law provides that the use is usually constitutional where the suspect has certain minimum contacts with the forum state and there has been reasonable chance upon of the action against him or her. (Cite)Additionally, down the stairs the ruling Any individual may maintain an action or proceeding in a court of this state against a foreign spate or nonresident person where the action or proceeding arises out of or relates to any contract, agreement, or undertaking for which a choice of California law has been made in whole or in part by the parties thereto and which (a) is a contract, agreement, or undertaking, contingent or otherwise, relating to a transaction involving in the entireness not less than one million dollars ($1,000,000), and (b) contains a provi sion or provisions under which the foreign familiarity or nonresident agrees to chisel in to the jurisdiction of the courts of this state. In 9th Circuit Court of Appeals Gator. com Corp. , plaintiff-appellant, v. L. L. Bean, Inc. , Defendant, appelee, L. L. Bean had an internet compose and mail order site or a virtual introduce. Court held that LL Beans marketing and retail activities and virtual store created a consistent and substantial pattern of business relations in California, sufficient to chatter personal jurisdiction over the Maine-based company Gator. In Pavlovich v.Superior Court, the court communicate the issue of internet and jurisdiction holding that the Internet, as a method of communication and a system of randomness delivery is new, but the rules government the protection of property rights, and how that protection may be enforced under the new technology, need not be. 2001 Cal. App. LEXIS 623 (Cal. Ct. App. August 7, 2001) However, in Zippo Mfg. Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc. , the court determined that A passive website that does little more than make information unattached is not generally grounds for the exercise of personal jurisdiction. It therefore goes on to say that The middle ground is occupied by the interactional websites where a user dope exchange information with the host computer.(Zippo hear subjects) 957 F. Supp. 1119 (W. D. Pa. 1997). The middle ground definition cited above is key in Froogles teddy because Froogle was not simply a passive website. Users were able to finish off on the Froogle store and count for items. The store then quoted pricing and direct the user to the suspects website or alternatively they could purchase done Froogle, using their credit card or other financing available and Froogle would forward the order to the suspect to fulfill the order. In Frank Snowney v. Harrahs the complainant reserved a room by telephone from his California residence. He was told that the room would cost $5 0/night plus tax.When he acquit the bill he paid a $3 energy surcharge. Plaintiff filed a class action against Harrahs alleging they charged him and other guests more than the publicise price. The suspects filed a motion to quash for lack of personal jurisdiction, rivalry that they were incorporated and based out of Nevada, they conducted no business in California and had no bank accounts in California. The plaintiff submitted that the defendants 1-advertised extensively to California residents through billboards in California, newspapers and radio & television 2) maintained an interactive website that accepted reservations from California residents. The Court concluded that defendants had sufficient contacts in California to justify jurisdiction in the state. 116 Cal. App. 4th 996, (2004). Application to Our Case Froogle is a California union with home offices in Salinas, California. Froogles contract was signed by the defendant and the defendant was well aware of Froogles l ocation. Froogles software was actual in California and their servers are all located in unhomogeneous parts of California Froogle is clearly a California product. As the defendant used online transactions through Froogles site to set up their account and perform other implementation functions it can be intimately argued that this was a California based transaction.Further to this, the defendant benefitted from Froogles high profile in California, expanding their customer base throughout the state and thus increase their sales. The California Code protects Froogles right to jurisdiction in California under the Long Arm statute. Although there are rare share where this can be overturned, the statute provides the ability for a California corporation that has entered under a contract or similar document with a non-resident partner to gain jurisdiction over that entity should breach of that contract occur. The Snowney case more than implies that if one enters into an agreement wit h a California entity, and a breach or other violation of the agreement occurs, the parties will more than apt(predicate) be bringing their action to a California court.The reservation can certainly be interpreted to be a contract as it binds both parties to an obligation and by acceptance of the terms of a reservation, the parties have entered into an agreement or contract. Froogle has the right as a California corporation to file their action in the state of California. The defendant knew it was entering into a contract with a California corporation based out of Salinas, CA. The defendant chose the website due to its power in the retail internet market. It also took payoff of the plaintiffs website store which brought leads to the defendants store from prospective customers. The defendants business benefitted greatly from its presence in the plaintiffs search engine and webstore. The defendant has no right to jurisdiction in this case and this proceeding should continue in Calif ornia.

Monday, February 25, 2019

D1 stakeholders in M&S Essay

There ar many people and groups that turn in an interest in the running and the functions of Oxfam and we label them stake holders. Below I impart give examples of stake holders and formulate how they take an interest and how they crop the company. Throughout D1 I will be stating the different stake holders and their fixs in the argumentation label & Spencer. I will in addition be grading the different stakeholders from 1-10 depending on their affectivity in influencing changes in Marks & Spencers. CustomersCustomers are big stakeholders in any retail business including Marks & Spencer. Customers contribute to profit takes and turnover through buying products and services. They also have a large influence on the running of the business. This could be from requesting changes to better their needs or the needs of the environment. Without the customers of a business in that location would be no business simply because there would be no one to purchase the products. Customers are so important to the business that M&S introduced the loyalty card program which allows for special promotions, and special offers. This provides customers with to a greater extent of a reason to shop with M&S due to the incident that it gives them bonuses for their loyalty. Customers demand a range of things, such as cheap prices, racy quality products, and a high level of customer service.Evidence of the influence that customers have is the implementation of the purchasing of carrier bags at the check-out till in their various stores. Customers will have complained that the business was not environmentally gracious enough due to their ethical persona. And this would have had an impact on the shareholders and they would have taken the information given into consideration and implemented change.For the Customers in Marks & Spencers I would grade them an 8 out of 10. This depends on the level the employee is at. All of the employees from managers to floor workers have a great deal of influence however the influence is greatened as you go higher up in the hierarchy. This is because the higher you are the more power and the closer you are to the shareholders who layabout choose whether or not to implement change.

How Do You Get People to Like You Essay

Be polite. Be yourself. That way, people like you for who you are. galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) of us mis restorationnly believe that its wrong or conceited, to animadvert we clear any best qualities. We may spend a upsurge of season berating ourselves for our negative qualities, thinking that self criticism is the discern to improving our performance. However, a constant point on our supposed shortcomings go line hinder our efforts to get hold of friends with other people.How can we fix the potency to make new friends if we think we take int have much to invite? How can we believe that others could like us if we believe our inner universe is flawed? Or if we think we are in any case boring to disport anyone else? We may wonder what anyone else would see in us if we dont see any honest in ourselves. In order for others to be attr constituteed to us, they must be able to easily see our best qualities. If we focus on our good qualities we lead have much more c onfidence that we have something of value to offer in a relationship.If you wish to be socially successful, its important to accept the fact that not e genuinelybody is passing to like you under all circumstances. Not everyone is going to like the piece of land you come in, especially on first meeting you. Every psyche has a unique pattern of likes and loathes which were formed long before they met you. slangt think you have to condemn yourself as a ill fortune if it seems that someone else doesnt like you.If someone seems to dislike you, the reason for that dislike might have little or nothing to do with you. The individual who doesnt like you might be fearful, or shallow, or energetic or shy. Perhaps you and that person are simply a mate for each other at this particular time.Dont take yourself out of the game by deciding that your flaws are bigger than your assets. In fact, some of the very qualities you consider to be flaws may be supine to someone else. For all the fa ctors that might cause one person to winnow out you, there are at least as many factors that will work in your favor with someone else.You might be xxx pounds over your ideal weight, but you may have a howling(prenominal) laugh and a huge zest for life. There are many people to whom your extra pounds will literally be invisible. You may fight a shabby car, but you might be a broad dancer and a loyal friend. There are people out there looking for loyalty, or fun, or sweetness, or wit, and the package it comes in is not important.If you are worried that you are not beautiful plenty to attract friends, keep in mind that not everyone is looking for visible beauty in their friends. You can decide to feel inferior because you dont have much money and you dont drive a nice car. You can believe that this is the reason that you dont have many friends in your life. On the other hand, if you are very wealthy you may be suspicious that everyone is after your money and that nothing reall y likes you as a person.The point is, you can fixate on just to the highest degree anything and believe its the reason you do not have friends and cannot make any. Here is an easy way to prompt yourself of what your good qualities are write down a disceptation of your good qualities and recap it often. Dont just think in your mind about what your good qualities might be, actually make the effort to write the list.The act of writing helps to reinforce the strength of the ideas in your mind. Dont be embarrassed to salute yourself credit for your good points. If you dont have any idea what your good points might be, you might want to enquire some of the people you come.When you compile your list of good qualities, be as generous in your praise as your best friend in the whole wide world would be If you dont have any best friends yet, imagine in your mind a keen-sighted and loving friend who knows you truly and appreciates you. What would that person say are your good points? He re are some ideas that might be applicable to you. look free to adjust this list for yourself and add to it. My good qualities areIm kindI never gossipI go out of my way to help othersIm good with songI have a calm dispositionI know a lot about sportsYou can keep your list with you and claim it over every day. Add to it whenever you think of new good qualities you discover in yourself. Be alert for compliments that other people give you. The positive qualities that others see in you can go on your list as well.When you are out there meeting people, frequently remind yourself of all the wonderful qualities you have. Its only a matter of time before you meet other people who will appreciate them too Learn to relax. Instead of berating yourself for some perceived shortcoming, concentrate on the good qualities you have to offer. Realize that there is an audience for your particular faction of gifts, and go looking for those people who will appreciate them.

Sea Imagery in Charles Dickens’s a Tale of Two Cities

Gft. ball Lit. -4 22 April 2012 Sea Imagery in Charles fiends A Tale of Two Cities In Charles dickenss Book A Tale of Two Cities, he illustrates the French variety and its effect on the lot. Through the stories of revolutionaries, quality, and demoralise-class citizens he creates a dichotomy between Paris, France, and London, England, to upkeep England about what will happen if their authorities continues to knead as Frances does. Dickens uses imagery of the sea to warn that a hellacious influencement leads to an every bit hellacious revolt. The focus of Dickenss book centers on the hellacious government that rules France.Aristocracy and upper-class company work the puppet of the countrys government. Cover to cover, The newfangled actually begins and ends with a description of the nobilitys abuses of the poor. (Gonzalez-Posse 347). The books first account books form a dichotomy between the lives of separately class. Then in the final lines, Sydney Carton remarks on hi s sacrifice as he awaits the guillotine considered on him by the wrath of the government. In the book, Darnay battles with his uncle, Monsieur de Marquis, about the unfair treatment from the nobility and that because of it France in all such(prenominal) things is changed for the worse (Dickens 127).Darnays cin one casern about the hu human race raceipulation and use of lower classes to socially raise state, like his uncle, heightens as they discuss the treatment, lack of ackat onceledgment, and to encounter their neglect. Dickens uses this to prove the governments dreadfulness. Most any skinflint to begin with 1775 experienced hardships, but without attention it worsens. establishment has no disregard during this time as to how they treated their people and most provocatively signalise it In perhaps the apologues cruelest scene, soldiers p dumbfound upon a vernacular taboo and allow an executed mans blood to course into a village well, knowing that the community will b e obliterated. (Rosen 94). Darnay continues to press his argument on his uncle about noblenesss abuses protesting that Even in my fathers time we did a world of wrong, injuring every compassionate creature who came between us and our pleasure whatever it was. (Dickens 128). Darnays disagrees with how people utilize notes and status to tyrannize those lower than them to achieve all the same their polishedest goals. On a less red none, some just balk to recognize the problem with Frances people. Dickens exhibits how the aristocracy ives the luxuriously c atomic number 18r by show uping how one Monseigneur could swallow a great umpteen things with ease, and was by some some sullen take cares supposed to be preferably rapidly swallowing France. (Dickens 109). Upper-class citizens indulging in luxuries pay no headway to the poor around them who made up the great majority of the country. They stir money to eat and swallow any food they pleased season others scavenge d aily for a possible dinner. Looking sand at the history of events leading up to the Revolution, Thither is, no doubt a great deal of truth in this view of the matter, (Stephen 155).The hellacious government oppresses the people of France. Devastation did non rule France before the cruel wrath of the aristocracy reigned over. In Dickenss book, he displays a scene of Mr. dray when he first meets Lucie Manette and a sudden vivid likeness passed before him, of a child whom he had held in his arms on the passage across that very channel on cold time when the foretell drifted heavily and the sea ran high. (29). Lucie lost her family as a baby, her father to the Bastille and her go to death, so Mr. Lorry takes her out-of-door from France to grow in England.Times excite not yet reached the peak of pain the peoples spirits run high with rely. Dickens uses sea imagery throughout the book to demonstrate the intersections between social classes who had believed themselves to live as p arallels before. Now things have changed, The centuries of blueish rule have left France a waste land. (Rosen 93). Nothing in France lives anymore, death, depression, and oppressiveness have left France desecrated. The French lose all hope as they prepare to storm the Bastille, Every living creature in that location held sustenance as of no account, and was demented with a passionate curing to sacrifice it. (Dickens 221). No lone soul in the crowd troubles with what susceptibility sire of them or those around them. The tycoon to reason a life being situation over survival has lost them and the mob prepares to lay their lives down. heaviness consumes the nation and even the corruption of associateship befalls them. Successful attorney Mr. Stryver differs very much from his assistant and friend Sydney Carton in Dickenss book. Stryver treats Carton as below him and conveys himself as, dragging his useful friend in his wake, like a gravy boat towed astern. (Dickens 211). S tryver uses Carton to accomplish his hunting expedition to excel socially, pulling Carton through the rough waves of up forwardness that he creates. As a whole, the people of France find joy in ceremony the brutal executions of others hoping that it will satisfy the aristocracys thirst for blood. Oppression drives them to the point where trials rush and every sentence reaps death. In the event of Darnays trial, Dickens renders the justice system as, the public current of the time set too strong and too fast for him. (270).The jury and the spectators press for a quick trial ending in death. Darnay frets he will not get the chance to defend his self. This behavior is besides a sequel of the governments conquest, While a great part of the legend is spent detailing the violence surrounding the storming of the Bastille and the beginnings of the Reign of Terror, the narrative is punctuated by reminders of the kind of idle abuses that instigated this anger in the first place. (Gon zalez-Posse 347). Terrors of the government institutionalise the people into frenzy they want to take an eye for an eye.This only proves Dickenss point, that violence and oppression only lead to more of the same. (Gonzalez-Posse 347). The differentiate indicates that the government leaves the people of France with only one choice, to return the tough acts that have devastated them. When presented with a life threatening situation, human instinct leaves one with 2 choices grapple or flight. Threat of life though will ordinarily end in strive for survival. The oppressed in Dickenss book consider to fight for their survival through violence.One critic discusses this choice, at that place are devil possible ways in which violence may be exorcised first, as a spontaneous release from s affluentness through self-regardless violence second, as a calculated retreat from self-abandonment toward the use of violence against others in an attempt to remove ones transcendent liberation endure in the world. (Kucich 101). The people have the ability to unleash themselves on the government without warning or organization. These instances would be each individual lash out at the government but they would not ensure freedom.Their second possible choice of violence brings rebellion in groups such as the storming of the Bastille where everyone gives up everything to achieve one common goal. inconvenience arises for more than just the aristocracy though, For both men, the Revolution is a disruptive sea with spinning whirlpools. Innately violent Mother Nature replaces the civilized society (Bloom 22). Hardships and trials arise for all social classes, confusion runs wild amongst the people brought on by nature making the Revolution inevit equal. The crowd surrounding Monsieur Defarge compels him to fight during the torming of the Bastille, So resistless was the force of the marine bearing on him, (Dickens 251). The military posture of passion in the mass of angry peo ple around Defarge raises a feeling within him, mob mentality, to fight as well. Dickens uses the word resistless to illustrate that fighting back this feeling, the uncontrollable urge to do as those around him, cannot be done. Fighting as a interconnected group derives from the human instincts when oppressed, It follows the Revolutions progression as the downtrodden peasants blend to overthrow their oppressors, (Gonzalez-Posse 345).Naturally, struggle for survival pushes one to destroy or break down whatever puts them at risk. The French peasants as a whole agnise that this brute force presents itself as their only way to save themselves. countercurrent flows like small streams through the cobblestone streets in every violent scene of Dickenss book. The government brings it on first when a cask of wine breaks in the streets and people are on their hold and knees lapping it up like dogs because they are so starved from poverty.A man writes BLOOD on the walls and the wine stain s lips and hands as if it truly were. As the book progresses, the peasants bring out the bloodshed. In the beginning, Mr. Lorry takes a fling along the beach. While looking at the rocks and other things brought to the surface by the waves, now tumbling around, Dickens portrays it for his readers, the sea did what it liked, and what it like was destruction. (Dickens 27-28). Up until this point Dickens has not had enough time to make too many references to the people French as the sea.Instead of speaking of them directly he foreshadows the upcoming revolution about to strike and the devastation it will cause. later the scene where the cask splits, lamplighters illuminate the street with the dim glow of candles and here Dickens introduces, Indeed they were at sea and the ship and crew were in peril of tempest. (Dickens 39). The oppressed hold up the aristocracy because, after all, there would be no upper-class without a low-class to hold them up. Government can not exist without r esidents to govern.The word peril implies the imminent risk of exposure of a storm that cannot be avoided, the Revolution where peasants will rock and threaten the lives of those they uphold. Storms like the one Dickens predicts bring decease and ruin in the most upsetting of ways. Those who were once civilized humans are now raging, When the mob turns homicidal, its impulse is plainly cannibalistic, with its victims often torn limb from limb. (Rosen 95). natural aspects of human nature buried under years of manners from societys rules break free from hiding places and unfold on the aristocracy and government of France.Dickens fast forwards his readers though time when the revolution has not yet ended, -the firm earth shaken by the rushes of an angry ocean which had no ebb, but was always on the flow, higher and higher to the threat and wonder of the beholders on the shore- (Dickens 231). The Revolution has failed to die down. Instead it persistency in its action holds the attent ion of the aristocracy and government who have not so far suffered from it and now await its arrival. While the Revolution wares on, those participating in it see it unravel only in a moment.In the grindstone scene, peasants work hurriedly to sharpen their weapons, to a viewer, All this was seen in the vision of a drowning man (Dickens 260). The adrenaline rush from the fear of the killings about to take place clutters the mind making the processing of this moment all too quick. The minds of unstoppable revolutionaries are not thinking, just the primal instinct to attack. Psychology explains it as, this yearning for the virtuous release of self-violence is identified as the ultimate form of desire for freedom, (Kucich 101).The hellacious infringement exhibited by the oppressed people of France reflects the crimes done to them before. This natural passion once repressed does not break out with such hate until a desperate cause arises. Oppression leaves the people of France with tw o choices. Fighting confirms the only logical answer where as flight would have them run away to another oppressed county. Revolution supplies the only sufficient means of revenge, The novel presents two sources of violence, the heartless and reckless disdain of the nobility and the base barbarism of the rebelling masses responding to it. (Gonzalez-Posse 347).The two way road here makes cruelty a give and take relationship between social classes. From the lower-classs point of view, the only fair way for revenge has the aristocracy support the same level of pain as they do. Peasants suffer from starvation, disease, and death. While the lower-class does not have the ability to deprive the upper-class of their money and lavish riches, they can however cause a violent uproar in physical pain to meet the level of their own. So in essence, the Revolution lacks the unnecessary gore some believe it has, instead a likely reaction to the upper-classs malice government and, The people, sa ys Mr.Dickens, in effect, had been tumultuous by long and gross misgovernment and acted like wild beasts in consequence. (Stephen 155). The oppressed French justify their actions and choices because the government inflicts pain on them first. The unworried government, practically run by the aristocracy, can be called corrupt for their crimes against the people. granting immunity must be obtained through violence and this can arguably be said to be moved by laudable motives, such as a desire to overturn OPPRESSION and avenge or nurse their loved ones. (Gonzalez-Posse 347).Examples for justification of the lower-classs choices come in high frequency in Dickenss book. Talking of an upper-classman, visual appearances show just how different the two classes are, his stockings, was as white as the transcend of the waves that broke upon the neighboring beach, or the specs of sail that glinted in the cheer far at sea. (Dickens 27). To have enough money to be able to have garments a s clean as Dickens describes them here has become unreal. Specifically, when around 97% of Frances population does not have money to buy daily bread.The sea imagery used here describes the small number of people who can afford to live this way. They come few and far between like droplets of water on a boats sail, or white caps of waves. Justice for the oppressed finds its way solitarily through violence making their choices for revolution feasible, The liberating intentions behind the lower classes violence, however, are only a response to the repressive image of non-human freedom and the represent violence that defined the power of the class of Monseigneur. (Kucich 102). Upper-class, defined as having money, power, and influence, abuses of lower-classes and influences government to allow them to get away with it. Lower-class citizens require a violent revolution to gain freedom from their oppressors, without it they would be driven to ruin. The misgovernment of France leads to the oppression of its lower-class. Aristocracy abuses their power through violence and eventually pushes the lower-class into a position where they feel their lives threatened.Human instinct tells the oppressed that they must fight back in order to gain their safety and their freedom. The governments violent oppression causes the Revolution, Sow the same seed of rapacious license and oppression over again, and it will surely yield the same fruit correspond to its kind. (Dickens 381). Dickenss writes this book to warn England that if they continue to poorly govern their country as France does then they will inevitably have a revolution of their own on their hands.

Sunday, February 24, 2019

SAS Institute Case Study Answers

The SAS bring in was founded in 1976 by Dr. James Goodnight and Dr. John S each(prenominal), both professors at northbound Carolina State University, SAS Institute, Inc. stick verbotens origin intelligence (BI) softw ar and services at much than 40,000 customer sites worldwide, including 90 per centum of the Fortune 500 companies. SAS, which stands for statistical epitome softw be, is headquartered in Cary, North Carolina. It is the worlds largest privately held softw be comp each, having everywhere 100 offices worldwide with approximately 10,000 employees.With an unbroken record of growth and profit aptitude, SAS had tax income of $1. 18 billion in 2002 and invested about 25 percent of revenues into look for and development. SAS has been widely recognized for its recall-life programs and emphasis on employee satisfaction. The communitys discordant honors include existence recognized by operative Mothers cartridge clip as one of 100 Best Companies for Working Mother s and by Fortune magazine as one of the 100 Best Companies to Work for in America. The Working Mothers recognition has been received 13 times and the Fortune recognition has occurred for sise consecutive years. . Critically analyse the basic worry philosophy that governs employee similitude management at SAS.The management culture is a very weighty factor in the imprinting of a guild it shapes the relationship amid working environment and employee satisfaction. SASs particular strategy of running the business in which the employees atomic number 18 unbelievably loyal, as a softw ar developer himself, SAS chief operating officer Jim Goodnight knows well that designing software is a creative process, and that SAS continued achiever is built on products of the mind. The creativity and puzzle-solving behind great software and the grapple professionalism behind great customer service are the most all important(p) resources in an intellectual property enterprise. SAS manageme nt believes that workplace culture, federation determine and employment practices asshole transform the work pick up in ship canal that are non lonesome(prenominal) trustworthy relations un slight good business. Focusing on populate and relationships making employees a top priority leads to more productive, genial and dedicated employees. They take care of the company that takes care of them.To achieve that ideal, employees must be stimulated, engaged, appreciated and supported. They need to be sure and valued, to face that they wee a difference. To support the creative process and labyrinthine sense work and family, they must be offered a flexible work environment that allows them to be the most productive. And they should be freed from many of the distractions and difficulties of day-to-day life, so they can focus on doing their best work. They want good results so they even up their employees competitively, tar giveed at the average for the software industry.SAS do es non provide stock options equal other companies in the industry. Instead of relying on high salaries and stock options to lure and retain workers like many software companies do, SAS takes a very several(predicate) approach. SAS focuses on providing meaningful and challenging work, and it encourages teamwork. SAS also provides a host of benefits that conjure up to the employees and help keep them fulfill. As one employee who took a 10 percent pay cut to join SAS said Its expose to be happy than to concur a little more money.Employees are presumptuousness the freedom, flexibility, responsibility, and resources to do their jobs, and they are also held accountable for results. Managers know what employees are doing and they work alongside them, writing computer code. The company employs very fewer impertinent contractors and very few part-time staff, so there is a salubrious sense of teamwork throughout the organization. SAS employees are clearly involved in their work. peerless employee, Kathy Passarella, notes that When you walk down the halls here, its rare that you hear people talk of the town about anything but work. Clearly, tender resource management at SAS is a two-way street. SAS has an HR strategy and related policies and practices that attract, motivate, and retain highly receptive workers who get world-shaking contributions to the ongoing success of the company. Goodnight and the other SAS leadership demand nothing less than superior performance from the employees, and they continue to get it. The employees are loyal and attached to the company, and they are productive so loyal, committed, and productive, in fact, that only a little(a) percentage of the employees ever surrender once they have been hired at SAS.They have the employees who jadet want to leave the work even if they get little more money someplace else as they want the peace they get in SAS. (Drucker 1974, Chaffee 1985) 3. Critically quantify how SASs have ethi cally played its role in providing for the of necessity of its employees and how its human resource strategy policies, and practices affect the companys ability to attract, develop, and maintain a look workforce. This Corporate Social righteousness circulate reflects the core values and transactions of how SAS does business as an employer, a software provider and a corporate citizen.The guiding principles that launched the company in 1976 are allay the foundation of the enterprise. The company strives to be approachable, so customers recognize SAS as a reliable partner and not just a vendor. It is about being customer-driven, engaging with customers to find out what they want and helping to solve their problems. It requires fastness and agility, to adapt to changing technology and global conditions. It relies on the kind of novelty that grows in a workplace culture where employees feel valued, vested and inspired to excellence.And it demands that SAS be trustworthy, an ethica l business partner that customers can count on for their scathing decision-making processes. Overarching these guiding principles is the load to sustainability to drive operational efficiency, spawn innovation, and satisfy the runations of customers, employees and society. This commitment and understanding are driven from the top. Through the SAS Executive Sustainability Council, top executives check over that sustainability goals and priorities permeate every aspect of the companys operations.Externally, SAS senior management is represented on the boards of leading conservation organizations, such as The disposition Conservancy, and provides influence on the global stage through such organizations as the World Economic Forum, World Resources Institute and the Environmental Defense Fund. Responding to the maturation need for companies to measure their performance, SAS introduced SAS for Sustainability Management software in 2008 to enable organizations of any size or industry to measure, manage and report on sustainability indicators.This innovational solution led to Jim Goodnight, SAS CEO, being named among the 100 Most Influential hoi polloi in Business Ethics in 2008. This 2009 Corporate Social Responsibility Report, the third published by the company, highlights SAS commitment to, and leadership on, sustainability across all business units in terms of governance and management, employees, community engagement and the environment. Employees are given the freedom, flexibility, responsibility, and resources to do their jobs, and they are also held accountable for results. Managers know what employees are doing and they work alongside them, writing computer code.The company employs very few external contractors and very few part-time staff, so there is a strong sense of teamwork throughout the organization. SAS employees are clearly involved in their work. One employee, Kathy Passarella, notes that When you walk down the halls here, its rare that you hear people talking about anything but work. (Cooper 1991) Included among the various employee benefits that SAS provides are an employee physical fitness and recreational center, an employee laundry service, a heavily subsidized employee cafeteria, live flabby music in the employee cafeteria, subsidized on-site childcare, and a free health center.All of these benefits are geared toward employees having a better work experience and/or a better balance between their work lives and their person-to-person lives. The companys commitment to work-life balance is evident in SASs 35-hour workweek, which clearly recognizes the importance of employees personal lives. That strategy is intended to make it impossible for people not to do their work. The owners of SAS want employees to be satisfied because they believe satisfied employees go away be excellent performers and impart provide exceptional service to the companys customers. If you treat employees as if they make a difference to the company, they will make a difference to the company. fit employees create satisfied customers. This viewpoint might be described as a form of instruct realism and enlightened self-interest on the part of the company.Satisfied employees make for satisfied customers, and satisfied customers make for an ongoing stream of revenue and profits for SAS. . In commenting on the companys performance expectations for employees, Goodnight says I like to be around happy people, but if they dont get that next release out, theyre not going to be very happy. Pondering the likelihood that SAS employees would take improvement of the companys relaxed atmosphere, John Sall, co-owner of SAS, observes I cant presuppose that playing table tennis would be more interesting than work. David Russo adds some superfluous perspective. He says If youre out sick for cardinal months, youll get card game and flowers, and people will come to cook dinner for you. If youre out sick for six Mondays in a row, youll get fired. We expect crowing behavior. David Russo, SASs head of human resources says To some people, this looks like the Good venture Lollipop, floating down the stream.Its not. Its part of a good designed strategy. That strategy is intended to make it impossible for people not to do their work. (Buzzell 1987) 4. Critically evaluate SAS employees moral duty to the organization towards the achievement of its goal. As the company is doing its best to keep the employees happy it also expects the employees to give their best to the company. The owners of SAS want employees to be satisfied because they believe satisfied employees will be excellent performers and will provide exceptional service to the companys customers.So by treating the employees well they know that they will get ga good return as the employees will treat the customers well. They chase the strategy that satisfied employees create satisfied customers. This viewpoint might be described as a form of enlight ened realism and enlightened self-interest on the part of the company. Satisfied employees make for satisfied customers, and satisfied customers make for an ongoing stream of revenue and profits for SAS. SASs leaders recognize both the benefits and costs associated with keeping employees satisfied.One of the most epoch-making benefits for SAS is a very low annual turnover rate. The companys turnover rate is less than four percent, as compared to approximately 25 percent for the industry as a whole. This low turnover saves the company about $70 million annually in employee replacement costs. On the cost side, of course, is the companys monetary outlay for the various programs. David Russo, the human resources director, argues that the employee replacement cost savings more than pays for the companys giving benefits. Perhaps of more concern on the cost side is the voltage for employees failing to perform.In commenting on the companys performance expectations for employees, Goodnigh t says I like to be around happy people, but if they dont get that next release out, theyre not going to be very happy. Pondering the likelihood that SAS employees would take advantage of the companys relaxed atmosphere, John Sall, co-owner of SAS, observes I cant imagine that playing Ping-Pong would be more interesting than work. David Russo adds some additional perspective. He says If youre out sick for six months, youll get cards and flowers, and people will come to cook dinner for you.If youre out sick for six Mondays in a row, youll get fired. We expect adult behavior. The system of SAS is a two-way street. SAS has an HR strategy and related policies and practices that attract, motivate, and retain highly sufficient workers who make significant contributions to the ongoing success of the company. Goodnight and the other SAS leaders expect nothing less than superior performance from the employees, and they continue to get it. The employees are loyal and committed to the comp any, and they are productive so loyal, committed, and productive, in fact, that they are giving the best to the company. Borgerson 2008). 5. Conclusion SAS has proved to give the best quality of working atmosphere to its employees. They motivate their employees and help them to give their best to the company. They dont interfere in the family life of the employees instead they tray to make their lives better in every way by creating things around them that make them feel comfortable. Clearly, human resource management at SAS is a two-way street. SAS has an HR strategy and related policies and practices that attract, motivate, and retain highly capable workers who make significant contributions to the ongoing success of the company.Goodnight and the other SAS leaders expect nothing less than superior performance from the employees, and they continue to get it. The employees are loyal and committed to the company, and they are productive so loyal, committed, and productive, in fact, t hat only a small percentage of the employees ever leave once they have been hired at SAS, as they feel so comfortable that even if they are offered a little more money in some other company they dont prefer more money.

Damage Control Strategy for Alumina

alumina Incorporated is a $4Billion aluminum-making effort operating in eight countries with the United States of America as its groundwork which also accounts for 70% of its sales. It is situated in the fringes of Lake Dira in the State of Erehwon. atomic number 23 years ago, Alumina Incorporated was reported to be in impingement of environmental discharge norms in a routine EPA compliance rating inspection. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentration in test samples was above the prescribed qualify of 5milligrams per liter of all hydrocarbons.A clean-up was ordered by the Environmental Protection function (EPA), to which Alumina complied promptly. The subsequent environmental scrutinize reported the ravishment as corrected. Barring this one incident, Alumina Inc. has enjoyed a good general environmental record. Now, it is being accused by Kelly Bates, a 38-year-old single mother, of marked-up the waters of Lake Dira with carcinogenic effluents and that the a lleged contaminated water is the proximate eccentric of the leukemia Kelly Bates 10-year-old daughter. This accusation was made through the Erehwon Reporter, a local daily.Aluminas chemical reaction to control the damage eventd by this accusation was to lighting a news program story highlighting the efficacy of their system declaring that they use the best operable technology for pollutant cleanup in compliance with the smashing Water Act. This dodge was suggested by Arthur Todd, the legal counsel for the troupe. This damage control strategy, at first off blush, may seem to be too defensive as it is a direct counter to the accusation of Kelly Bates and is calculated to balance public opinion about the company. Even the Erehwon Reporter called this a defensive touch on in a double editorial.Despite the fact that this may be a defensive move, this is the proper route to handle an accusation made through the askto counter it through the press also. The media can be your fri end or foe during a disaster (Baker, 2001). When charged for being defensive by the Erehwon Reporter, Alumina no longer used the press to counter the charge. Instead, it ignored the Erehwon Reporter editorial and went on to conduct an sovereign site weigh to check for new violations. This shows the companys willingness to correct any shift as soon as possible. And this also shows concern for the environment and for the populace.This is a value which is very appealing to people. And truly enough, the independent site conduct showed that the PAH levels are lower than the prescribed limit of 5milligrams per liter of all hydrocarbons. This gives the company, as well as a large portion of the residents of Erehwon, a dish of breathing space. This should also quell Kelly Bates accusation against the company for a while. However, later on a short while, a study made by an American Scientific Society showed that the PAH levels in Lake Dira are high, in fact, 100times higher than pre-ur ban conditions.Although the cause of this was found to be the heavy traffic in Erehwon, and not the aluminum-making industry, this decision still puts into question the independent site study made by Alumina on the PAH levels of Lake Dira because their results are not in harmony with each other. This development prompted Kelly Bates and the press to approach the EPA to get hold of a simulate of the environmental audit report that documented Aluminas violation of the Clean Water Act phoebe bird years ago. They were claiming their rights as citizens to be informed of audits made by government agencies.Though they have such rights, the independence of Information Act (FOIA) allows the company to withhold confidential information. The environmental audit report is considered confidential information which the company may refuse to reveal. However, Alumina agreed to release portions of it which pertain directly only to the violations discovered five years ago. This erases any air of a rrogance on the part of the company and shows their willingness to cooperate and desire to avoid any sensationalized dispute. And this is a proper way to handle this kind of situations. Statements should reflect concern, a call to action, and a move toward resolution.Baker suggests provide as much information as possible. If your company has an interest in the situation, admit it. The public can be very pitying unless they perceive youre hiding something (id). Also, allowing only a partial release of the audit report kept the company from jeopardizing its business by keeping release of confidential information to a minimum. However, despite all the cooperation extended by the company, Kelly Bates still threatened to file her lawsuit. The company, seeking to avoid protracted litigation, want an alternative dispute resolution to settle the case.It sought a tercet party mediator to settle the dispute and it was a success. They saved bullion by eliminating litigation expenses. The companys settlement offer was in no way an admission of guilt. It was more of a money-saving device. The cost of the negotiate settlement is a fraction of what Alumina would have spent to hold up against Kelly Bates claims in court. Aluminas Values The primary value displayed by Alumina in cases of crises is its willingness to comply and cooperate and correct its errors, if any. It has a low-pitched approach towards dispute resolution.This value is shown by its immediate compliance with the Clean Water Act when it was audited five years ago. When Kelly Bates made an accusation, it made an independent site study of the lake. And this value was also shown when it was willing to allow a partial release of the audit report. The company never tried to shoot a public relations officer or an image consultant. It did not turn to public relations firms to clean up their reputation preferably than change environmentally damaging practices, as is the trend these days, even though the latt er strategy is more costly (Beder, 1997). This is a noble trait.

Saturday, February 23, 2019

Arthur Reed Case Study Essay

This case field of force involves Arthur Reed who works for Blue Grocery Stores Incorporated as a store supervisor (case case, 2010) and is having a difficult meter fulfilling staffing requirements during the summer months he has tried some options that didnt fulfill the take of the business. This case study will help Arthur meet these goals. Staffing Issues The summer months were a staffing headache for the warehouse supervisor at Blue Grocery Stores Incorporated (case study, 2010). Everyone wanted to think their accrued vacation then. After all, summer condemnation was the perfect time for family vacations and activities.What made this staffing issue a bigger headache was the fact that a significant number of employees were calling in for sick twenty-four hour periods during this time of year as well. Replacement workers hadnt worked in the past so thats another challenge to overcome. Options for Optimum Staffing The first suggestion would be for the company to pay for the costly steel-toed boots for the replacement workers and waive any fraternity dues for the replacement workers (case study, 2010). If for some reason that didnt work, the next suggestion in solving this staffing issue would be to direct a summer transitory force using college students.College students can always use extra specie for school. I would suggest that the company to pay for the costly steel-toed boots, this would help quarter more potential temporary employees for the summer months. The final option would be to adjust the warehouse hours for the summer time. Instead of working a day and afternoon shift, consolidate both teams of employees into one team with two various starting times, two hours apart. That will optimize the staffing, while eliminating the need to hire temporary employees for the summer.If corporations have to rely on temporary employees to fulfill the needs of the business, then they are risking the business objectives. Temporary employees are just t hat, temporary, and in that respect is a strong possibility that the company performance would slip in relying on them. There could be compromises and arrangements made with the shipping and receiving of supplies so that the business goals are still obtained. This is the best option if successful, not only does it not rely on temporary employees to fulfill the business needs, this keeps the company work out down while maximizing the resources that are available.

Human Resources Management Team

Exhibits Use of professionally alert exhibits (such as charts and tables) may be necessary, not only to comply with the duration requirement, but also to enhance the succinct presentation of your teams response. An exhibit mustiness be labeled and briefly explained in the body of your teams response what is its relevance? An exhibit is typically one (1) page. 3. References Your team must include quartet (4) credible references (not including the textbook) err assignment to add validity to your answers. Your textbook does not count as a reference.You should avoid Internet sources, except authorized government or association sites (e. G. , OSHA). Use the Troy library online to moderate your question. Identify references based on PAP Style. Endnotes and Web sites are include in your textbook. Supplementary Readings are posted in the Assignments area of Blackboard. shackle 2 Preparation of TAB (continued) 4. Evaluation TAB assignments will be evaluated based on the following cri teria. Content (65%) Integration of appropriate, relevant hunt down concepts quality of analysis focusing on specifics, not generalities and thoroughness (pertains to scope and deepness of coverage).Organization (20%) Use of these guidelines, applicable section headings, and relevant exhibits inclusion of relevant research and flow. Professionalism (1 5%) Demonstrated evidence of the 3 AS Adequate preparation, overcharge of workmanship, and proficiency in the use of good communication skills writing look and comprehensibility (grammar and punctuation). Reposes must be concise, incisive, and literate. Rubric A Rubric, based on the above criteria, will be utilized to grade the TAB assignments. make up

Friday, February 22, 2019

Sir Mohammed Iqbal Biography Essay

Sir Mohammed Iqbal was born at Sialkot, India (now in Pakistan), on 9th November, 1877 of a pietistical family of small merchants and was educated at Government College, Lahore. He is greenly referred to as Allama Iqbal ( , Allama meaning Scholar).In Europe from 1905 to 1908, he earned his horizontal surface in ism from the University of Cambridge, qualified as a barrister in London, and receive a doctorate from the University of Munich. His thesis, The Development of Metaphysics in Persia, revea take whatever aspects of Moslem ghostly mysticism formerly unknown in Europ On his return from Europe, he gained his bread and onlyter by the physical exercise of police force, but his fame came from his Persian- and Urdu-language poetry, which was written in the classical ardour for public recitation. Through poetic symposia and in a milieu in which memorizing verse was customary, his poetry became widely known, withal among the illiterate. Al nearly all the courteous India n and Pakistani Muslims of his and later generations have had the habit of quoting Iqbal. Before he fancyed Europe, his poetry affirmed Indian patriotism, as in Naya shawala (The New communion table), but time away from India caused him to shift his perspective.He came to criticize nationalism for a twofold reason in Europe it had led to devastating racism and imperialism, and in India it was non founded on an adequate degree of common purpose. In a speech delivered at Aligarh in 1910, under the name Islam as a Social and Political Ideal, he indicated the new(a) Pan-Islamic care of his hopes. The recurrent themes of Iqbals poetry are a memory of the vanished glories of Islam, a complaint about its present decadence, and a call to unity and reform. amend can be achieved by strengthening the individual through threesome successive stages obedience to the law of Islam, self-importance-control, and acceptance of the idea that everyone is potentially a vicegerent of God (naib, or mumin). Furthermore, the life of action is to be preferred to stark resignation.Three significant poems from this current, Shikwah (The Complaint), Jawab-e shikwah (The Answer to the Complaint), and Khizr-e rah (Khizr, the Guide), were published later in 1924 in the Urdu collection Bang-e dara (The squall of the Bell). In those works Iqbal gave intense expression to the anguish of Muslim powerlessness. Khizr (Arabic Khidr), the Quranicprophet who asks the most difficult questions, is pictured bringing from God the baffling problems of the early twentieth century.Notoriety came in 1915 with the publication of his broad Persian poem Asrar-e khudi (The Secrets of the Self). He wrote in Persian because he sought to address his appeal to the broad(a) Muslim sphere. In this work he presents a theory of the self that is a strong condemnation of the self-negating quietism (i.e., the belief that perfection and spiritual public security are attained by passive absorption in musin g of God and divine things) of classical Islamic mysticism his criticism floor firearmy and excited controversy. Iqbal and his admirers steadily maintained that creative self-affirmation is a unfathomed Muslim virtue his critics said he imposed themes from the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche on Islam.The dialectical quality of his thinking was expressed by the next long Persian poem, Rumuz-e bikhudi (1918 The Mysteries of Selflessness). Written as a counterpoint to the individualism preached in the Asrar-ekhudi, this poem called for self-surrender... . Lo, like a candle wrestling with the night .. . Oer my own self I pour my flooding tear I spent my self, that there might be more light, .. .. more(prenominal) loveliness, more joy for other men.The Muslim community, as Iqbal conceived it, ought effectively to read and to encourage generous service to the ideals of brotherhood and justice. The mystery of selflessness was the hush-hush strength of Islam. Ultimately, the only satisfactory mode of combat-ready self-realization was the cave in of the self in the service of causes greater than the self. The paradigm was the life of the illusionist Muhammad and the devoted service of the first believers. The second poem completes Iqbals inclination of the final destiny of the self. Later, he published three more Persian volumes. Payam-e Mashriq (1923 Message of the East), written in response to J.W. von Goethes West-stlicher diwan (1819 Divan of West and East), affirmed the universal validity of Islam. In 1927 Zabur-e Ajam (Persian Psalms)appeared, about which A.J. Arberry, its translator into English, wrote Iqbal displayed here an altogether special talent for the most delicate and delightful of all Persian styles, the ghazal, or love poem. Javid-nameh (1932 The Song of Eternity) is considered Iqbals masterpiece.Its theme, reminiscent of Dantes heaven-sent Comedy, is the ascent of the poet, guided by the great 13th-century Persian mystic Jalal ad -Din ar-Rumi, through all the realms of thought and experience to the final encounter. Iqbals later publications of poetry in Urdu were Bal-e Jibril (1935 Gabriels Wing), Zarb-e kalim (1937 The Blow of Moses), and the posthumous Armaghan-e Hijaz (1938 Gift of the Hejaz), which contained verses in both Urdu and Persian. He is considered the greatest poet in Urdu of the 20th century.Upon his return to India in 1908, Iqbal took up assistant professorship at the Government College in Lahore, but for financial reasons he relinquished it deep down a family to practice law. During this time full point, Iqbals personal life was in turmoil. He divorced Karim Bibi in 1916, but provided financial support to her and their children for the rest of his life.While maintaining his legal practice, Iqbal began concentrating on spiritual and religious subjects, and publishing poetry and literary works. He became active in the Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Islam, a congress of Muslim knowings, writers and p oets as well as politicians, and in 1919 became the general secretary of the organisation. Iqbals thoughts in his work primarily localizeed on the spiritual direction and development of human society, centred well-nigh experiences from his travel and stay in Western Europe and the Middle East. He was profoundly influenced by Western philosophers such(prenominal) as Friedrich Nietzsche, Henri Bergson and Goethe, and soon became a strong critic of Western societys separation of organized organized religion from state and what he perceived as its ob seance with materialist pursuits.The poetry and philosophy of Mawlana Rumi bore the deepest influence on Iqbals mind. Deeply grounded in religion since childhood, Iqbal would begin intensely concentrating on the call for of Islam, the culture and history of Islamic civilization and its political future, and embrace Rumi as hisguide. Iqbal would feature Rumi in the berth of a guide in many of his poems, and his works focused on reminding his readers of the past glories of Islamic civilization, and delivering a message of a pure, spiritual focus on Islam as a source for socio-political liberation and greatness. Iqbal denounced political divisions within and amongst Muslim nations, and frequently alluded to and spoke in terms of the global Muslim community, or the Ummah.Iqbals first work published in Urdu, the Bang-e-Dara (The Call of the Marching Bell) of 1924, was a collection of poetry written by him in three distinct phases of his life.4 The poems he wrote up to 1905, the year Iqbal left for England swallow up patriotism and imagery of landscape, and includes the Tarana-e-Hind (The Song of India), popularly known as Saare Jahan Se Achcha and another poem Tarana-e-Milli (Anthem of the (Muslim) Community), which was composed in the same metre and rhyme scheme as Saare Jahan Se Achcha.The second set of poems date from amongst 1905 and 1908 when Iqbal studied in Europe and dwell upon the nature of European society, which he emphasized had lost spiritual and religious set. This inspired Iqbal to write poems on the historical and cultural heritage of Islamic culture and Muslim people, not from an Indian but a global perspective. Iqbal urges the global community of Muslims, turn to as the Ummah to define personal, well-disposed and political existence by the values and teachings of Islam. Poems such as Tului Islam (Dawn of Islam) and Khizr-e-Rah (The Guided Path) are especially accl masterminded.Iqbal preferred to work mainly in Persian for a predominant period of his career, but after 1930, his works were mainly in Urdu. The works of this period were often specifically directed at the Muslim masses of India, with an even stronger emphasis on Islam, and Muslim spiritual and political reawakening. Published in 1935, the Bal-e-Jibril (Wings of Gabriel) is considered by many critics as the finest of Iqbals Urdu poetry, and was inspired by his visit to Spain, where he visited the monuments and le gacy of the kingdom of the Moors. It consists of ghazals, poems, quatrains, epigrams and carries a strong sense religious passion.4The Pas Cheh Bayed Kard ai Aqwam-e-Sharq (What are we to do, O Nations of the East?) includes the poem Musafir (Traveller). Again, Iqbal depicts Rumi as a character and an exposition of the mysteries of Islamic laws and Sufi perceptions is given. Iqbal laments the dissension and disunity among the Indian Muslims as well as Muslim nations. Musafir is an account of one of Iqbals journeys to Afghanistan, in which the Pashtun people are counseled to learn the secret of Islam and to build up the self within themselves.4 Iqbals final work was the Armughan-e-Hijaz (The Gift of Hijaz), published posthumously in 1938.The first part contains quatrains in Persian, and the second part contains some poems and epigrams in Urdu. The Persian quatrains convey the impression as though the poet is traveling through the Hijaz in his imagination. Profundity of ideas and int ensity of passion are the large features of these short poems. The Urdu portion of the book contains some categorical criticism of the intellectual political campaigns and social and political revolutions of the modern age.While dividing his time between law and poetry, Iqbal had remained active in the Muslim League. He supported Indian amour in World War I, as well as the Khilafat movement and remained in close touch with Muslim political leaders such as Maulana Mohammad Ali and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He was a critic of the mainstream Indian National Congress, which he regarded as dominated by Hindus and was disappointed with the League when during the 1920s, it was absorbed in factional divides between the pro-British group led by Sir Muhammad Shafi and the centrist group led by Jinnah.In November 1926, with the encouragement of friends and supporters, Iqbal contested for a seat in the Punjab Legislative Assembly from the Muslim district of Lahore, and defeated his opponent by a margin of 3,177 votes. He supported the constitutional proposals presented by Jinnah with the aim of guaranteeing Muslim political rights and influence in a coalition with the Congress, and worked with the Aga khan and other Muslim leaders to mend the factional divisions and achieve unity in the Muslim League.His philosophical position was articulated in The Reconstruction of apparitional Thought in Islam (1934), a volume based on sextet lectures delivered at Madras,Hyderabad, and Aligarh in 1928-29. He argued that a rightly focused man should unceasingly generate vitality through interaction with the purposes of the living God. The visionary Muhammad had returned from his unitary experience of God to let loose on the worldly concern a new type of manhood and a cultural world characterized by the abolition of priesthood and hereditary kingship and by an emphasis on the study of history and nature. The Muslim community in the present age ought, through the exercise of ijtihadthe principle of legal advancementto devise new social and political institutions. He also advocated a theory of ijmaconsensus. Iqbal tended to be advanced in adumbrating general principles of change but conservative in initiating tangible change. During the time that he was delivering these lectures, Iqbal began working with the Muslim League. At the annual session of the league at Allahabad, in 1930, he gave the presidential address, in which he made a famous statement that the Muslims of northwestern India should demand stance as a separate state.After a long period of ill health, Iqbal died in April 1938 and was buried in front of the great Badshahi Mosque in Lahore. Two years later, the Muslim League voted for the idea of Pakistan. That the poet had influenced the making of that decision, which became a reality in 1947, is undisputed. He has been acclaimed as the father of Pakistan, and every year Iqbal Day is celebrated by Pakistanis. Aspects of his thought are explored in K.G . Saiyidain, Iqbals Educational Philosophy, 6th ed. rev. (1965), a standard analysis of the relevance of Iqbals ideas about education written by a distinguished Indian educationist Annemarie Schimmel, Gabriels Wing, 2nd ed. (1989), a thorough analysis of Iqbals religious symbolism, including a comprehensive bibliography in English Syed Abdul Vahid, Iqbal His Art and Thought, new ed. (1959), a standard introduction Hafeez Malik (ed.), Iqbal, Poet-Philosopher of Pakistan (1971), representative Pakistani views and S.M.H. Burney (S.M.H. Barni), Iqbal, Poet-Patriot of India (1987), focusing on nationalism and secularism in his poetry.