Tesco Strategy Analysis

Tesco Strategy AnalysisIntroduction First I will put down with brief introduction of the firm I am writing about. Tesco is the rotundst diet for thought retail merchant in UK, operating around 2,318 stores worldwide. Tesco operates around 1,878 stores throughout the UK, and a alike(p) operates stores in the rest of Europe and Asia. Tesco.com is a wholly-owned subsidiary offering a complete online service, including tescodirect.com and tesco.net. The comp either similarly offers a range of both online and offline personalized finance services. Tesco is headquarte automobilemine in Hertfordshire, UK. For the year ended February 2004 Tesco PLC achieved revenues that totaled 33,557 million, an increase of 18.7% against the modeler years revenues that were 28,280 million. (5) History This region I defecate divide into three principal(prenominal) fraction Grows Marketing/management outline and con tender during each percenticular period of time. Competition is included he re for the campaign that I am strongly persuaded that it is the main driving force for all demarcation. Pre 1980 Grows The Tesco brand first appe atomic number 18d in 1924. Name was formed by utilise the first three letter of the tinrs name (TES), and the first devil letters of a brand creator surname ((CO) Jack Cohen), forming the word TESCO. Tesco floated on the London Stock Ex alternate in 1947 as Tesco Stores (Holdings) Limited. The first ego service store opened in St Albans in 1951 (still operational in 2008 as a thermionic valve), and the first super commercialize in Maldon in 1956. During the 1950s and the sixties Tesco grew organically, but in like manner through acquisitions until it owned much than 800 stores. The company obtaind 70 Williamsons stores (1957), 200 Harrow Stores outlets (1959), 212 Irwins stores (1960), 97 Charles Phillips stores (1964) and the Victor Value chain (1968) ( change to Bejam in 1986). (3) Marketing outline Tesco introduced the wi se superstore concept for Britain. After a a few(prenominal) years from appearance (1968) superstore became very popular for its vide range of harvest-feasts at agonistic determine. In 1974 company introduced its first gas station which had demean price for petrol but was adjacent to Tesco superstore. (1) 1980s In may 1987 Tesco completed its hostile takeover of the Hillards chain of 40 super nourishmentstuffs in the matrimony of England for 220 million1990s Grows 1995 Tesco overtook Sainsbury and became UK prodigiousst super viands market store. In the 90s planetary expansion began France (1992) Hungary (1994) Poland (1995) Czechoslovakian majority rule (1996) Slovakia (1996) body politic of Ireland (1997) Thailand (1998) southwestern Korea (1999). Entering foreign markets in the first one-half of 90s was do mainly by purchasing already existing stores or joining the local retail leader. For example first stores in the Czech state were opened by buy US corporatio n Kmarts operations in the country and converting them into Tesco stores. In 1997 expansion to Asia market began from acquiring 13 shops from CP sort in Thailand and formed Tesco Lotus. In 1999 by joining with Samsung hex to South Korea market was achieved. (3)(1)Marketing strategy Tesco introduced a verity card, mark Club card, in 1995. This card was giving discount but what is to a greater extent authorized it gave an opportunity to keep a hand on a pulse of nodes need and to collect all necessary data for prox cookerys. New goals were set Expansion to foreign market, maturation of a nonfood products selling. Tescos main advertising slogan appe bed Every little helps. Its advertisements in affect and on television mainly consist of product shots (or an appropriate image, much(prenominal) as a car when advertising petrol) against a white background, with a price or appropriate text, e.g. Tesco Value, superimposed on a red circle. (1) On television, voiceovers be prov ided by recognizable actors and presenters, much(prenominal) as crowd Nesbitt, Jane Horrocks, Terry Wogan, Ray Winstone, Neil Morrissey, Martin Clunes, David Jason and Kathy Burke among separates. In international expansion Tesco took to attention difference in tastes between different regions. While entering aboriginal Europe market Tesco was instilling western standards of shopping by introducing large number of hypermarkets. (2) Also very openhanded attention was devoted to customers need usually it was spiel in product line. In Czech Republic for example Tesco concentrated on providing Czech products in retail shops. In China, the locals preferred to buy live fish, turtles, meat and other popular products such as instant noodles, unlike in European countries. Tesco had to provide these in its hypermarkets to draw the Chinese customers. Similarly in Thailand, the customers spent a enormous proportion of their income on fresh foods. To adapt to the shopping habits of the Thai customers, Tesco highly-developed a fresh market hall an atomic number 18a adjacent to the main store, wherein 14 local vendors sold a range of fresh fruits, vegetables, meat, ready-to-eat products and other local food products. This atomic number 18a was designed to provide the Thai customers with traditional and local atmosphere. Competition On 21 March 1997 Tesco announced the purchase of the retail arm of Associated British Foods which consisted of the Quinnsworth, Stewarts and Crazy prices irons in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, as well as associated businesses for 640 million. The deal was approved by the European Commission on 6 May 1997. This acquisition gave it both a major presence in the Republic of Ireland, and a large presence in Northern Ireland than Sainsburys which had begun its move into the province in 1995. Tescos nonfood marked faced a huge emulation level in GB from such giants like ASDA and MarksSpenser. At the beginning of entrance t o the Hungarian market main competition was be by underage family-run stores, which served fast customer needs. The strategy against it was introducing more than 1000 its own label products at 20% cheaper price than branded ones. Later Auchan (Fr), Metro (gr) and Cora (Fr) entered Hungarian market and became the main competition. 2000s Grows After purchasing 35% partake in of Grocery whole shebang in July 2001 Tesco became involved in the USA internet grocery retail. In 2002 Tesco purchased 13 HIT hypermarkets in Poland. By purchasing TS Stores, owner of 870 gubbins stores in the One Stop, Dillons and Day Nite chains in the UK it made a huge step in the homelands convenience store market. In October 2003 Tesco started UK telecoms section which added to existing already internet service provider business also mobile and home phone services. In June 2003 Tesco purchased the C Two-Net take in in japan and acquired a majority stake in Turkish supermarket chain Kipa. In 2004 T esco continued its acquiring parade by buying Adminstore, owner of 45 Cullens, Europe, and Harts convenience stores, in and around London. August same year broadband service was launched. In Thailand Tesco Lotus was a joint venture of the Charoen Pokphand Group and Tesco but facing criticism over the growth of hypermarkets CP Group sold its Tesco Lotus deals. In late 2005 Tesco acquired the 21 remaining Safeway/BP stores later on Morrisons turn the Safeway/BP partnership. In mid(prenominal) 2006 Tesco purchased an 80% stake in Casinos Leader Price supermarkets in Poland. They will be rebranded into small Tesco stores. (3 1) Marketing/management strategy Tescos international expansion strategy in Asia was mainly represented as joint ventures with the local partner firms like Samsung Group in South Korea (Samsung-Tesco Home plus), and Charoen Pokphand in Thailand (Tesco Lotus) due to sensitivity of local market for foreigners and a bit more complicated k instanteradays how than t he rest of the world. In these mergers local personnel has an assured quantitative domination in utter and middle management positions. . It also formulate non big acquisitions an important part of its expansion strategy. For instance, in its 2005/2006 financial year it made acquisitions in South Korea, one in japan and one in Poland. In September 2005 Tesco announced that it was selling its operations in Taiwan to hybridisation and purchasing Carrefours stores in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Both companies declared that they were concentrating their efforts in countries where they had strong market positions. (1) In May 2007 Tesco decided to move its online operations head office to Switzerland for the tax reasons. This allows it to sell CDs, DVDs and electronic games through its blade site without charging VAT. This opportunity was closed by political relation in June 2008. Tesco has made a devotion to embodied social tariff, by contributing of 1.87% in 2006 of its pre-ta x profits to local communities charity organizations. (3) In 1992 Tesco started a computers for schools scheme, offering computers in return for schools and hospitals getting vouchers from concourse who shopped at Tesco. Until 2004, 92m of equipment went to these organizations. The scheme has been also enforced in Poland.BITC Tesco Computers for Schools. Starting during the 2005/2006 association football game season the company now sponsors the Tesco Cup, a football competition for young players throughout the UK. The cup now runs a boys competition at downstairs 13 level and two girls cups at Under 14 level and Under 16 level. eachwhere 40,000 boys alone took part in the 2007/08 competitions. Competition Tesco was acc holdd by the UK blot of Fair Trading (OFT) for creation a part of a price cartel among participants were top five UK supermarkets (Safeway, Tesco, Asda, Morrisons and Sainsburys) and a number of milk, butter and cheese. The investigating started in 2007 and in the same year Asda, Sainsburys and Safeway adjudged them guilty in playing against consumer interest by covering of 5000 farmers support in recovering after the foot-and-mouth crisis. Total fine for them amounted 116M. Tesco, on the other hand, maintain to deny any activity in this cartel, thitherfore it is investigated by the OFT. (3)Strategic analysis manufacturing analysis PESTE. UK. Political Factors Because of employment legalization reasons, the state encourages big firms to be a representation of different kind of labor demand, starting from part time, bring low- compensable local jobs till higher-paid and centrally-located jobs. (7) This includes hiring students, disabled and elderly workers, who are paid lower rates but for the reason of a usually frequent round overturn, these workers propose a higher level of devotion and therefore represent desirable labor bring home the bacon. However at Tesco, an overwhelming majority perceive no difference in the handling o f part-time and full-time employees.(7) save In a period of six years, Tesco procured employment to over 2,000 inactive and disadvantaged people, according its job guarantee scheme. In this scheme the beat back is to provide training and employment to people who are first-time workers, single parents and previous(a) people. (8) Competition Commissions ruling and have been lobbying to boycott supermarkets and large food manufacturers and kinda support small independent suppliers, processors and retailers at the expense of large supermarkets like Tesco. A documentation argument kitty be shown in figures. In UK by 2004 small grocery stores overall had employed 500,000 people with overthrow of 21 billion, and Tesco managed to hire twice less(prenominal) (250,000) with even bigger turnover 29bn. (12) Proposals from the European commission to clamp down on predatory set policies to prevent the selling of goods below cost price such as exist within France Germany, Ireland and Sp ain. Furthermore, there are standards for nutrient descriptors such as light, reduced fat and low fat, set by governmental and European agencies like the European Food Authority (EFA) sparing Factors The UK food sell market is mature and highly competitive and this market has been affected by invalidating inflation in the food sector. The dispersion of domestic markets and the desire for expansion have treated increasing globalization in retail via self-start, merger and acquisition and franchising. Poor land resources prune enhanced by government economy on planning restrictions on out of town shopping facilities makes it sticky to expand into these locations Britains supermarkets are hie to open small high street stores to cash in on demand for convenience shopping in urban areas. (6) Social/ heathen Factors Demographic changes as for example higher percentage of older people, less women as housewives and overall trend for eating outside mean that UK retailers are respond ing towards changes by foc utilize on added value products and services. unless new trends are the supply chain and other operations cost reduction and own-label share in the business, overall silence about taking new supplier between national retailers. In the UK a tendency toward healthier food and environmental awareness, represented by friendly packaging can be noticed. Nevertheless in the last ten years there has been a quantity improve in consuming quality products with good tastes, among them strange fruits, fish and other can be noticed. Overall, can be stated that UK population is becoming more experimental in their food traditions. (9) expert Factors Changes in retailing methods as such clothes sales via the meshing is now a common place in retailing. Paperless operation, the management and nerve of the company are undertaken on IT corpses, which are accessed through secure servers provide flexibility in the running of the business. As Sweden is at the forefront of scientific advancement with national companies like Ericsson, Tesco would enjoy the comprehensive logistics and distribution channel already in place. Environmental Factors Starting from 2003, an increase in gouge on large companies and managers in UK may be observed, main motivating of a government is to make them be more aware of their responsibility to society, and act in a way which benefits society overall. For the food retailing the biggest issue is environmental, the main area for them to act in the socially accountable way. Therefore by recognizing this drift movement, Tesco developed somatic Responsibility citizens committee in 2001 in ramble to fulfill its obligations before society. (6) In 2003 the UK government has launched a strategy for environmentally friendly consumption and manufacturing in order of cutting waste, reducing expenditure of resources and diminishing environmental damage. One of the legislation was a creating of a tax on highly processed and fat ty foods advertising. The so-called fat tax directly affected the Tesco product ranges that have subsequently been adapted, affecting relationships with both suppliers and customers. (9) Porters Five Forces Threat of New Entrants The grocery market of United Kingdom is crucially reign by a small number of competitors, among them such brand names as Tesco, Asda, Sainsburys and Safeway that prepare a market share of 70% and small chains of Somerfield, Waitrose and Budgens with a another 10%. Starting from 80th the grocery retailing system has been represented mainly supermarket business. This powerful force had a major tinct on the small local, private owned shops, such as grocery, bakers and and so forth Therefore in nowadays it can be treated as a huge blockade for the companies who are willing to to enter this market. As an example, two reasons can be stated necessity of a decent capital because of large fixed costs and highly developed supply chains. This is also evident in hu ge investments done by large chains, such as Tesco, in advanced technology for checkouts and stock contain systems that impact new entrants and the existing ones. separate factors can be economies of eggshell and differentiation (in the provision of products or services with a higher perceive value than the competition) which is highly developed by Tesco and Asda due to their promotional/ publicizing activity, aggressive operational moves in product development, and more sophisticated distribution. talk terms Power of Suppliers These representatives of a supply side are usually influenced by key grocery chains and are under a continuous pressure of losing their business to the supermarket chains. As a result, it enhances a strong equal as it is positions of dominant stores like Asda and Tesco in compromising better prices from suppliers, which littler market chains are just unable to go with. Moreover UK based suppliers are vulnerable to the ability of big retailers to source their products abroad at a cheaper price. The UK Competition Commission found that Tesco steadily paid its suppliers 4% below the industry average on the 2000 date. In 2005 theme Financial Mail on Sunday started the campaign called supermarket bullies to uncover illustrations of pressuring farmers by large grocery chains. We have heard numerous cases of poor treatment of suppliers by Tesco, but all of those we spoke to asked to remain anonymous for dismay of losing contracts. One supplier said I would like to give you this selective information but cannot risk being seen to be a troublemaker for dread of losing valuable supermarket customers was written in the radical. (12) Tesco voluntary signed for supplier jurisprudence of Practice provided by Department of Trade and Industry (dti) to solve the puzzle of pressuring suppliers. However as Office of Fair Trading states that code is not working effectively, suppliers concerned about being de-listed by supermarkets or turn trade conditions if they will officially complain. talk terms Power of Customers Tescos famous loyalty card Club card can still be named as the most successful customer maintenance strategy that plays a big role in Tescos financial profitability upkeep. Brand Tesco can pass on and increase its customer base because of its permanent tendency to meet customer needs, constant in-store promotions, customizing service to maintain lower prices. A crucial change has occurred in shopping habits of UK population in recent years. People tend to satisfy more of their needs in one place and in shorter time, it shows a necessity for large chains to expand their services into new non-food markets as banking, pharmacies, telecoms, etc. Consumers have become keep an eye on bring together trade and the influence of developed countries consumers on the Third valet suppliers. Fairly traded products as tea, coffee and cocoa are viable, and such products are now widely available at the majority of large chains. In 2005 Tesco had the largest range of fair-trade products in the UK, it was represented by 91 fair-trade products line, however comparing with overall context of the 40,000 products line it looks rather tiny (0.2%) achievement of supporting third-world countries. Moreover there are evidences that supermarkets exploiting customers good will by overcharging for fair trade products. The supermarkets know that people do not go for the cheapest product when buying fair trade because they think the extra money is destiny someone in the developing world. John McCabe, a retail determine expert states. (12) Threat of Substitutes In the grocery industry small chains of convenience stores are emerging in the industry. In this case Tesco, Asda and Sainsburys are trying to acquire existing small-scale operations and opening Metro and Express stores in local towns and city centers. With a giant share of the grocery retailing market represented by Tescos chain, small private shop s can be placed nowhere but substitutes. well-nigh local retailers wind it almost impossible to compete with Tesco because its enormous buying power. On average Tesco contracts with wholesalers are 11.5 per cent cheaper than for private independent retailers. Londis, the boxwood shop brand in UK, has claimed that it is cheaper to purchase brands from Tesco and resell them than to buy them from wholesalers. (12) Bargaining Power of Competitors The retailers market environment can be characterized as dominated by large players with significant grows, increasing store size, emergent retailer concentration, and the utilization of a range of formats, which are now important characteristics of the sector. As it was already stated, almost all purchasing power of the food retailing industry is acquired in the relatively small number of retail buyers. in addition market can be described as mature operating, where grows is difficult and it serves as a driver to diversification into non-foo d areas, moreover, consumers are more and more demanding and sophisticated, big players like Tesco are constantly accruing large amounts of consumer information that can be used to predict and fulfill their changing preferences. This highly competitive market currently is in the position where advanced technology and innovations are required for maintaining and increasing market share. Such innovation can be seen in the development of a range of trading formats, in repartee to changes in consumer behavior. The dominant market leaders have responded by refocus on price and value, whilst reinforcing the added value elements of their service. (8, 4, 6)Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives agency statement Creating value for customers, to earn their lifetime loyalty. Tescos corporate responsibility work is reflected in its everyday activities, mainly focusing on use of organics, use of energy and recycling water and in addition charity and confederacy initiatives. Tescos CSR st rategy was to earn the trust of our customers by acting responsibly in the communities where we operate, by maximizing the benefits we bring and working to minimize any negative impacts. (10) The company is publishing Corporate Social Responsibility Report every year, with a detailed description of a companys CSR approach, implementation and policies. Usually it consists of such element as Environment, Community, Suppliers and ethical trading, Customers, prime(prenominal) and health and People. A Corporate Responsibility committee was establish in 2001 it consists of different functions executives, who are gathering four times a year for Tescos Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives discussion. The first report of committee came out in 2001. CSR plays a big role in strategy decision making of Tesco due to its wish to ensure that corporate responsibility throws a component of the everyday activities of the company. Because of its large size and stage chain, supermarkets like Tesco are influencing society in a broad side by encouraging its employees, suppliers and customers to be socially responsible. In Tescos case an example of this kind of responsibility can be its charity, fund aggrandizement for education, promotion of health food and making it as affordable as it can be. This social responsibility policy is implemented not only for chains operating in UK, but also to the all countries where Tesco is developing its business. (11) In 1992 Tesco started a computers for schools scheme, offering computers in return for schools and hospitals getting vouchers from people who shopped at Tesco. Until 2004, 92 million of equipment went to these organizations. The scheme has been also implemented in Poland. Starting during the 2005/2006 football season the company now sponsors the Tesco Cup, a football competition for young players throughout the UK. The cup now runs a boys competition at Under 13 level and two girls cups at Under 14 level and Under 16 le vel. Over 40,000 boys alone took part in the 2007/08 competitions. (3) Tesco gave at least 1% of its pretax profit to charity, in the form of donations, employee time and gifts. In the fiscal 2004-05, Tescos total charity contributions stood at 21,762,931. Tesco unselfishness Trust provided grants of 878,556 to local and national charities in the UK (3) Though Tescos initiatives toward being more social and environmental responsible a quite visible, there is some issues it is criticized for. For instance, Tesco distributed 1.4 billion plastic bags in 2004, which ended up in landfill. In the UK, only 7% of plastic bags were recycled and the company continued using more and more plastic bags. Grocery packaging makes up virtually a quarter of all household waste. (11) Second what is Tesco claimed for is energy use. Tesco uses twice more energy and on average in the industry 4.3 GJ/m2/yr to 2.4 GJ/m2/yr respectfully. Among others concerns of Tescos environmental friendship are Pestic ides and organic food (the issue is that not just Tesco tries to gives no privilege to non pesticide food, but also overprices organic goods) GM foods (dairy and meat products from animals fed on GM cows feed (maize and soya)) and deforestation. Aims and Objective Five objective of Tescos business strategy are To be a successful international retailer Since the mid 90th Tesco have been investing in market out of the country, feeling for new opportunities for expansion and accumulating long term securities and returns for shareholders. Today Tesco is present in 13 markets outside UK and planning to enter India. To fulfill all international ambitions Tesco has evolved a strategy based on six elements. Be flexible(in Japan people prefer to buy small amount of fresh food every day) Act local (In Thailand customers have a habit to move with vendors and choosing what they want from piles of production) Maintain focus Use multi-formats (hole spectrum from convenience to hypermarkets) organise capability Build brands. To grow the core UK business Core UK business has over 285,000 employees and over 2,200 stores, moreover, 70% of sales and profits comes from UK business. Tesco in planning to maintain their different store format strategy, which consists of Express, Metro, Superstore, Extra and Homeplus. To be as strong in non-food as in food. The broadest range of non-food products can be seen in Extra stores and Homeplus that include such products as clothing, health and beauty, stationery, cookshop and docile furnishings, etc. In 2006 was launched Tesco Direct, an online catalogue with non-food offers, including almost 13,000 products in it. To develop retailing services such as Tesco Personal Finance, Telecoms and Tesco.comAll our customers are different, and their needs are continually changing. Thats why we continue to offer more than one way to shop. Tesco Personal Finance is giving for customers a resource of 28 products varying from savings account a nd credit cards to car insurance. Tesco.com has attracted more than one million customers since 2000 in UK. Main target groups are people without access to transport and without time for shopping. Tesco.com also operates in the Ireland and South Korea. To put community at the heart of what we do.Our core purpose is to create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty. Our values, which underpin everything we do, are that no-one tries harder for customers and to treat people how we like to be treated.References 1. Tesco The British Supermarket Chains Global Expansion Strategies ICFAI air School Case development centre 2. Supermarket Wars Andrew Seth and Geoffrey Randall 3. Wikipedia.org 4. http//www.answers.com/topic/tesco-plc-adr 5. http//www.tescoplc.com/plc/ir/ 6. Ivoryresearch.com Strategic Management of TESCO supermarket PESTEL analysis, Porters 5 Forces analysis, Critical success factors, SWOT Analysis, place CHAIN analysis, TESCOS strategic options, Core Competences Cultural Web. 7. Part-time Workers in the octuple Retail Sector Small Change from Employment Protection rule? Alison Balchin 8. http//ivoryresearch.com/sample5.php 9. Marivic Butod Strategic Analysis of Morrison, Asda and Tesco July 20, 2009 10.Tesco Corporate Social Responsibility Report 2009 11. ttp//www.icmrindia.org Tescos Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives 12. The Tesco Takeover the friends of the earth report. http//www.foe.co.uk/Other Essays on TescoOther essays available on the Tesco organisations areTesco Business analysisTesco is one of the steer supermarketsTesco Changing Business EnvironmentTesco SWOT analysisTesco Fresh Veg planning Chain Management

The Culturally Responsive Pedagogy Education Essay

The Cultur whollyy Responsive command cultivation EssayTodays classrooms oblige teachers to tutor students varying in polish, language, abilities and various early(a) characteristics Teachers must(prenominal) form a classroom culture where every student despite of their heathen and linguistic background be greeted, supported and supplied with the dress hat aptitude to regard (Richards, et all(prenominal)).In my opinion, culture is essential to learning as it plays a role not only in conversing and receiving information except also in determining the thinking cover of individuals as sound as groups. A teaching that acknowledges, reacts to, and celebrates fundamental cultures offers full, equitable access to croptimeing for students from all cultures and prepargons students to live in a pluralistic society. culturally antiphonary teachingis a pedagogy that identifies the importance of including students cultural references in all aspects of learning (Ladson-Billings, 1994).Culturally responsive pedagogy is based on student-centered draw close to teaching whereby the students distinctive cultural potential argon classified and nurtured to supercharge student achievement and a sense of well-being about the students cultural place in the world. As from my knowledge, culturally responsive pedagogy comprises of terce functional dimensions the private dimension, teachingal dimension, and the institutional dimension.Culturally Responsive PedagogyThe personal dimension is a process involving emotional and cognitive factors whereby teachers must engage in their teaching so that it becomes more than culturally responsive. In fact, there ar two components in a personal dimension. These components are self-reflection and self-exploration. Self- reflection is the most essential part of the personal dimension. This is because teachers need to honestly examine themselves in terms of attitudes, belief, values as well as their ultimate goal in club to create a more welcoming and safe environment for the students and their families (Villegas Lucas, 2002). Self- exploration is the opportunity that is created to explore their personal histories and experiences, as well as the history and current experiences of their students and families (Richards, et al). A go bad understanding and knowledge enables teachers to appreciate the differences and deliver unbiased instructions which eventually prepare them to address the needs of all their students.The instructional dimension is basically instructions use through activities, radiation diagrams, materials and challenges that are associated with teaching cultural reactivity in a classroom. The institutional dimension of culturally responsive pedagogy highlights the need for reorganization of the cultural features that are distressing the institution of schools, school policies and procedures (including distribution of finances and resources), and society involvement. According to Gors ki and Covertthere are six types of condition that arrive at to be implemented in classrooms to look culturally responsive educational curriculum and setting in order to support students. First and foremost, teachers must ensure that every student have an equal opportunity to achieve her or his full potential. Secondly, students must be geared up to competently involve themselves in a more progressive intercultural society. Thirdly, teachers must also be geared up to efficaciously facilitate learning for every student no matter how culturally different or similar from her or himself. Fourthly, the school must be a dynamic participant in ending subjugation deep down their own territory, to produce a socially and critically vigorous and sentience in students. Fifthly, in terms of student-centered and comprehensive of the voices and experiences of the students should be implied in their education. stretch forth but not least, the educators, activists, and others must take a more active role in reexamining all educational practices and how they affect the learning of all students testing methods, teaching approaches, evaluation and assessment, school. *Gorski, P. Covert, B. (2000). Multicultural pavilion Defining multicultural education.The instructional dimension consists of materials, activities which can form basic instructions as well as strategies. There are about twenty-four Cultural Responsive Instructional Guidelines to endorse active learning, continues review, scaffolding, providing instruction to context and other. (Adapted from Klump, J., McNeir, G. 2005, and Artiles and Ortiz (2002)). In fact, there are ten additional guidelines to this cultural responsive instruction1. Students differences as well as their commonalities are acknowledged.2. Validate students cultural individuation in classroom practices and instructional materials.3. Students are educated about the assortment of the world close to them.4. Justice and mutual respect are prom oted among students.5. evaluate students ability and achievement validly.6. Foster a positive interrelationship in the midst of students, their families, the community and school.7. Motivate students to become active participants in their learning.8. Students are encouraged to think critically.9. Challenge students to strive for excellence as outlined by their potential.10. Show support students in becoming socially and politically conscious.(Banks Banks, 2004 Gay, 2000 Ladson-Billings, 1994 Nieto, 1999 cited in Richards, et al. 2006, pp.8-11.)The institutional dimension is an institution that emphasizes on the needs to convert the cultural aspects that are affecting three areas such as the schools organization, school policies and systems which includes the allowance of school finances and resources (Little, 1999). Organization of the school includes the administrative construction which in a way it relates to variety. Organization of school also uses the sensual space in deve loping schools and arranging classrooms. School policies and procedures refer to policies and practice that may result an impact on the deliverance of services to students from assorted backgrounds. Last but not least, the community involvement is more interested towards the institutional instruction to community contribution in which families and society are estimated to discover ways to be more involved in the nurture of school, instead of the school looking for acquaintances with families and society.ConclusionIn a nutshell, I believe that these three dimensions that were mentioned above create critical understanding of the authorisation of a culturally responsive pedagogy. Cultural responsive pedagogy enables students to learn about their own culture as well as the culture of others. Students will also learn to appreciate and treasure cultural differences around them. Teachers are highly looked upon as role model by the society. Therefore, it is master(prenominal) that teach ers must be culturally responsive so as to picture positive values and be an example to students. In fact, extra reason of teachers is required to enhance high levels of development in students and within this process student should never lose any element of their cultural identity.

Rainbow Parrotfish Scarus Guacamaia

Rainbow Parrot tilt Scarus GuacamaiaAbstractThe rainbow pollyfish Scarus guacamaia is a prominent herbivore in the coastal peeings of southwestwardeastern Florida whose sprightliness history is strongly linked to a dependence on both mangrove and chromatic get down home grounds. Rainbow polly fish too serve in maintaining the health of precious precious precious coral lowers by keeping algal cosmoss in check. go for NOAA fisheries data from the mangrove Visual Census and the Reef Visual Census, this analyse foc utilizationd on observations of this species in Biscayne verbalise and the Upper Florida alcove in order to quantify occupancy and to examine the contrasting factors that affect the bearing and absence seizure, and the ontogenetic shifts present(a) in this species among juvenile and adult stages. logistic regression was used to p releaseict abundance and occurrence using the environmental variables of temperature, dissolved group O, salinity, average dep th, and maintain from channel openings. Presence and absence were in like manner measured against mangrove top, bottom subst set type, and shoreline development. It was ensn atomic number 18 that salinity, average depth, and distance from channel openings were probatory in predicting the occurrence of this species, plot of ground temperature and dissolved type O were non. Conservation efforts for this species, listed as vulnerable under the IUCN, need to be devoted greater consideration as the health of this and other pollyfish whitethorn be useful in determining the management breadth and priorities on coral take down eco dodgings across the Caribbean Sea.Key words rainbow parrotfish, mangroves, logistic regression, conservation, land-use planning.AcknowledgementsIn completing this thesis research, I would fore almost same to thank my advisor, David W. Kerstetter, Ph.D., and deputation members John F. Walter III, Ph.D. and Ric to a great extent E. Spieler, Ph.D., whose input and guidance has been critical in moving forth through this project. I would like to thank David L. Jones, Ph.D. for his avail on equations and statistics. For their assistance in various aspects of ArcGIS, I would like to thank Brian K. Walker, Ph.D. and Kristian Taylor. Notably, I would like to thank James A. Bohnsack, Ph.D. and Joseph E. Serafy, Ph.D. and their work, without whom, this research could not have taken place. I would like to thank my lab mates, especially Bryan Armstrong, Shannon Bayse, Amy Heemsoth, Cheryl Cross, and Kerri Bolow for all their feedback, inquiries, assistance and advice throughout the spotless(prenominal) research process. Finally, I would like to thank my family and all my friends for their energetic support and unfailing encouragement in the completion of my thesis work. footLife History of the Rainbow ParrotfishRainbow parrotfish Scarus guacamaia is the giantst herbivorous fish in the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea and is build in both mangrove and coral reef habitats (Mumby 2006). The rainbow parrotfish is a monstrous, heavy-bodied, and laterally compressed fish, comp bed with other species of reef fish. It has a fusiform body shape with dull chromatic fins possessing streaks of green extending into the dorsal and anal fins median fin margins atomic number 18 risque in color with the dental plates appearing a blue-green. In this species on that point appears to be no obvious color differentiation based on sex (Cervign 1994). Rainbow parrotfish atomic number 18 behaviorally cautious in nature, and atomic number 18 generally observe in isolation, though they bum be name in schools of up to thirty individuals (Dunlop and Pawlik 1998).It has a daily mansion puke of about 1000 m3 (Smith 1997), and occupies interpolateing depths from the step forward to 25 m. It depends on corals for tax shelter and lay to inhabit (Cole et al. 2008) and seeks shelter under ledges at night or when threatened. The spe cies has been shown to use the angle of the sun as an aid in returning to these shelters (Smith 1997). Rainbow parrotfish are herbivorous fish that, like most members of the family Scaridae family, feed mainly by bread macro-alga from coral construction (Bellwood et al. 2004). However, it has in like manner been observed to feed repointly on coral (Rotjan and Lewis 2006) and gut national analyses have revealed spicules from feeding on sponges (Dunlop and Pawlik 1998).Rainbow parrotfish manners history characteristics are reasonably well known. It is a protogynous hermaphrodite, meaning individuals in this species undergo a sex change between their initial sign, where they are generally womanly and terminal phase, where they are mannish. Terminal phase male rainbow parrotfish concord a territory and a harem of females, and when the male dies, the most predominate female will become the dominant male, with her ovaries becoming lamal male testes (Streelman et al. 2002). Like other species in this family, jacket spawning occurs generally in warming summer seasons from May to August, precisely can occur year-round, and there is an supple period of recruitment into the population occurring around February in this unravel (Haus et al. 2000). Spawning is effectuate to take place generally around dusk, and whitethorn correlate to any the lunar cycle or the extravagantly tide, as this is an optimal conviction for egg dispersal. The initial phase is composed of females while the terminal phase is composed of sexually mature males. Rainbow parrotfish aggregate into territories that block a group of females and the dominant male, which pair-spawns almost exclusively within this group (Munoz and Motta 2000).The rainbow parrotfish is a relatively large reef fish, compared to most species of reef fishes in the Caribbean, and can achieve a maximum length of 120 cm (TL). The estimated K value of 0.293 equates to a borderline population doubling eon of almost four and a half to fourteen years (Robins and give off 1986 Randall 1962). Observations of rainbow parrotfish have been made in weewees with temperatures ranging from 12-36 C, salinities ranging from 23.74 to 39.1 ( graphemes per thou common sense), and dissolved oxygen concentrations ranging from 2.4 to 14.07 (Serafy et al. 2003). The species wide jog of tolerances to these factors is most likely an adaptation to the wide range of its known habitats. These habitats range from estuaries to offshore areas, both of which are subject to large pulses of fresh water and storm events. The varied thermal and oxic conditions cannot be exploited by less tolerant species and whitethorn be beneficial in providing condom from predators, foraging grounds, or potential nursery areas (Rummer et al. 2009).The diet of rainbow parrotfish has been shown to be variable across life stages and habitats. In the Dunlop and Pawlik (1998) write up, sponge spicules were set in motion in higher masses in the individuals collected from the mangrove sites as compared to those from coral reefs, suggesting there are shifts in diet preference based on the nutriment sources available. A secondary food source is coral, as rainbow parrotfish has been classified as a facultative corallivore based on direct observations, meaning coral can be either a bulk of their diet or only a minor component. These fish confabulate much permanent and chronic pressures on scleractinian corals (those that generate a hard skeleton such as Montastrea and Porites species) meaning there is repeat scraping activity on these corals, and the damage caused is longer lasting. However, chronic depredation may play a factor in regulating scattering, abundance, and fitness of received prey corals (Cole et al. 2008). Though not fully known, this corallivory may be part of an ontogenetic diet shift, meaning coral is only an of the essence(predicate) food source for part of their lives, accounting for less than five percent of their bites (Cole et al. 2008). on with this diet selectivity comes the ability to cause significant damage to corals by spiny off growing tips or large portions of skeletal solid, which means they are capable of having a disproportionately large impact on the carnal structure of Caribbean reefs (Cole et al. 2008). It has as well been observed that grazing reduced the tightfistedness of zooxanthellae and change magnitude the severity of a bleaching event in Belize (Cole et al. 2008). Rainbow parrotfish use a feeding method of scraping or grinding algae from the coral or other rocky substrate, and sometimes inadvertently ingests coral animals as well. The hard coral substrate is unkept down through its digestive body, and the excretion of this limestone material is one of the main sources in the creation of the good sense surrounding coral reefs in the Caribbean.Parrotfishes are known to become progressively more important to coral reef eco go vernances upon reaching a certain(p) key size around 15-20 cm, at which point they become operatively mature (Lokrantz et al. 2008) and their actions provide a significant impact on the coral reef. This impact increases exponentially as there is a non-li scrawny relationship between body size and scraping function. Calculations have suggested that up to 75 individuals with a size of 15 cm are required to functionally revivify for the expiry of a single 35 cm individual, and a 50% decrease in body size can result in a 90% loss of function provided to the ecosystem (Lokrantz et al. 2008). In addition, the aim of grazing impact in mangrove systems is overly a power function of body length. A conservative estimate places the home range of S. guacamaia at 1600 m3 (Mumby and battle of Hastings 2008), which is larger than that of many other scarids. Rainbow parrotfish also represents approximately 14% of the total grazing intensity measured for mangrove depauperate systems (Mumby and H astings 2008).The majority of the rainbow parrotfish diet consists mostly of short epilithic sod algae, cropped algae, red coralline algae, and filamentous algae (Mumby and Hastings 2008), and they feed heavily upon Halimeda genus Opuntia, a green calcareous alga. Juvenile scarid abundance has also been shown to be positively related to the percent coer of Dictyota spp. algae at site level in the Florida Keys (Kuffner et al. 2009). Similar parrotfish species have been observed consuming all told pieces of the thallus rather than grazing on the attached epiphytes, and taking more bites from H. opuntia and fewer bites from coral than would be expected from the percent cover of different microhabitats (Munoz and Motta 2000). While not quantitatively known for rainbow parrotfish, a mean home range for like parrotfish species, redband parrotfish and redtail parrotfish, in the Florida Keys was observed to be 4371.5 +/- 5869.5 m2 (Munoz and Motta 2000) the standard error was found to be high imputable to a low number (n = 7) of study sites. Due to overlap in microhabitat and foraging areas in these home ranges, interspecific aggression between parrotfish species takes place when one species attempts to use defended resources to the detriment of the defending species. This aggression involves industrious chasing over comparatively large distances, as well as biting. loving in resource defense behavior was found to be opportune as the benefits gained outweighed the cost (Munoz and Motta 2000). Aggression has also been observed to be greater when encountering other parrotfish species as opposed to non-parrotfish species and rainbow parrotfish were instigated into these aggressive encounters most often by redband parrotfish Sparisoma aurofrenatum (Munoz and Motta 2000).Scarus guacamaia is most closely related phylogenetically to midnight parrotfish Scarus coelestinus and striped parrotfish Scarus iseri, with Scarus clades having root nodes at between 2 and 3 millio n years ago, thus implying that most Scarus species are products of modern speciation. This speciation likely occurred around the time of the complete closure of the Isthmus of boatman at approximately 3.1-3.5 million years ago (Smith et al. 2008). The pantropical distri exactlyion and the relatively recent ages of the inconsistency of the four main clades of Scarus imply that fluctuations in sea level and patterns of differential cooling of the oceans during the Pliocene and Pleistocene may be the private road forces behind the rapid radiation in this genus, which is today by and large restricted to the complex reefs built by hard corals (Smith et al. 2008). Alternatively, processes of ecological speciation and divergence cod to sexual selection remain a come-at-able bill for the rapid radiation of parrotfishes, which all have pelagic larval phases and go pastingly similar morphology (Smith et al. 2008). The protogynous mating system of parrotfishes, where species aggrega te and have male- predominate haremic systems make by color recognition, has also been proposed as a possible driving force for speciation via sexual selection mechanisms (Smith et al. 2008). The phylogeny of parrotfish suggests a inert shift from browsers living in seagrasses to excavators inhabiting rock and/or coral reefs to scrapers found exclusively in association with coral, with Sparisoma being considered the transitional genus (Streelman et al. 2002). It can be assumed that the Scarus genus has always had a habitat association with coral reefs as the Scarus genus is the third radiation off of the Sparisoma lineage (Streelman et al. 2002).Of the parrotfishes, S. guacamaia is the only species that possesses an obligate and functional dependence on the mangrove habitats (Nagelkerken 2007 Mumby 2006). This dependency has been shown quantitatively in the Mumby et al. (2004) study in which the species suffered local extinctions that corresponded with the removal of mangrove stan ds, and the extent of mangrove coverage in a region is one of the dominant factors in structuring reef communities. Mangrove connectivity enhances the biomass of rainbow parrotfish on neighboring coral reefs, because grazing influences the cover of macroalgae on reefs and high levels of parrotfish grazing has been shown to lead to a dual increase in recruitment of Porites and Agaricia corals in the Bahamas (Mumby and Hastings 2008). Biomass of rainbow parrotfish has been shown to more than double when coral reefs were located adjacent to rich mangrove resources, specify as mangrove stands with 70 km or greater of fringing red mangrove Rhizophora mangle located in a region of 200 km2, equating to coverage of 35% (Mumby 2006). Juveniles of this species, those less than 30 cm total length (TL), are observed almost exclusively in mangrove habitats, while all individuals observed on the coral reef were greater than 25 cm TL (Dorenbosch 2006). Average sizes of 10.1 cm and 14.6 cm TL ha ve been recorded in mangroves and seagrass beds, respectively (Nagelkerken et al. 2000). The species of juvenile reef fishes that utilize mangroves and seagrass beds do so because of the high food availability, the presence of step and shelter that the mangroves provide, and a reduced risk of predation due to the plant and root shapes. There is also a lessened chance of fundamental interaction with predator species as well as low predator abundance and efficiency (Verweij et al. 2006). Shallow water habitats such as mangroves and seagrasses, are believed to contain less piscivores than the reef (Verweij et al. 2006) possibly because the energetic costs of chasing the petiteer fish in these habitats outweigh the gains of catching one of the prey fish. The turbidity of the water can also negatively affect predator efficiency due to scattering and reduction of light by suspended particles (Verweij et al. 2006). There is significant interannual division in species composition that may be expected in mangrove fish communities, but spatial factors have been found to pass more to differences in fish community structure than seasonality (Robertson and Duke 1990).Verweij et al. (2006) tested the personal effects of plant structure, shade, and food upon rainbow parrotfish foraging behavior using dummy seagrass leaves and dummy mangrove roots. Rainbow parrotfish showed the same trends as those of pooled herbivores, showing passing significant Poisson regression results for the tested variables of structure, food, structure*food, and location of the experimental unit. In this study, 72 individuals were observed ranging in size from 7.5-15.0 cm. The behavior observed was broken down into 2.8% of individuals resting (spaced evenly throughout the water column), 91.7% foraging, and 5.6% swimming. Eighty-four percent of the rainbow parrotfish observed foraging in the study were found in the artificial mangrove roots, with six percent foraging on artificial seagrass le aves. It was located that the presence of higher protrude area on the root structure provided more substrate for algae, which allowed for diurnal feeding (feeding that occurs in the daytime) on the fouling algae and epiphytes in mangroves and seagrass beds. Rainbow parrotfish observed in this study were also found to be preferential to experimental units with the highest structural complexity. Caribbean region mangroves and seagrass beds function as foraging habitats, but are not used continuously as shelter during the daytime (Verweij et al. 2006). The value of these habitats is diminished with decreased water lucidity from turbidity originating from terrestrial run-off, leading to population decays in this and other species (Freeman et al. 2008). Seagrass minimum light requirements differ between species and systems. Halodule and Syringodium seagrass species often require more than 24-37% surface light intensity (Freeman et al. 2008). These seagrass species consistently requir e minimum light levels that are an order of magnitude higher than the requirements of terrestrial plants or other photosynthetic marine organisms. Reduced subsurface light intensity has caused seagrass declines and the subsequent re-suspension of unstabilized sediments has keep reco genuinely of these seagrass systems, change magnitude the pressure placed on species such as the rainbow parrotfish that depend on them (Freeman et al. 2008).However, presence of preferential habitat is not the only contributing factor determining abundance. It is possible that habitat configuration has an influence on the connectivity between mangroves, seagrasses, and coral reefs and this configuration in scathe of providing pathways and connections to the reef affects fish assemblage composition, fish density and size, and species stinkiness (Dorenbosch et al. 2007). topical anaesthetic recruitment patterns can also play a major role. In a study off Curaao, juvenile densities on the reef were eq ual to those in seagrass beds, suggesting that this species can also use the coral reef as a nursery (Dorenbosch et al. 2004). Dorenbosch et al. (2007) concluded that for rainbow parrotfish, migration among these habitats most likely takes place along the coastline. The presence of seagrass-mangrove bays along the coasts of these islands strongly influences the distribution pattern of this species on the coral reef (Dorenbosch et al. 2004). The absence of seagrass beds and mangroves was shown to lead to reduced density of those species that utilize seagrass-mangrove bays in juvenile stages (Dorenbosch et al. 2004). For island sites, this migration was observed to occur on the sheltered or against the wind shores, where most adult individuals were observed on coral reefs between 0 and 10 km from mangroves. However, no significant linear relationship was present between mean total density of adult rainbow parrotfish on these reefs and the distance to the nearest stands of mangroves ( Dorenbosch et al. 2006). There was also reduced density or complete absence of juvenile rainbow parrotfish on the coral reefs that were farther than nine kilometers from the mangrove and seagrass habitats used by fish of juvenile ages.The density of these species is additionally regulated on local scales by variable habitat structural complexity and the available vegetation. Herbivory, measured by rates of grazing, was found to be highest at the maximum habitat complexity site (Unsworth et al. 2007). This suggests that the increase shelter and food abundance provided by denser seagrass beds may have change magnitude fish abundance resulting in these higher levels of herbivory (Unsworth et al. 2007). Herbivory was found to increase away from patchy seagrass areas whilst increasing distance from a reef reduced the rate of herbivory due to a reduction in fish migration. Observed high levels of herbivory, however, may only be a short-term effect of unconventional grazing by shoals of juvenile and sub-adult scarids (Unsworth et al. 2007).Rainbow parrotfish migrate across habitats in accordance with its life history stage, and will grow as large as possible before moving on to the next habitat (Mumby et al. 2004). Utilization of middling nursery habitats has been hypothesized to increase survivorship of small fish (Mumby et al. 2004). The intermediate nursery stages between mangroves, seagrass beds, and patch reefs serve the function of alleviating predatory bottlenecks in early demersal ontogeny (Mumby et al. 2004). A predatory bottleneck occurs when pressure from predation prevents a large percentage of a population from reproducing. The presence of seagrass beds has also been linked to significantly higher densities of rainbow parrotfish on coral reefs (Dorenbosch et al. 2006) while other studies (e.g., Gonzalez-Salas et al. 2008) have found differing results with respect to these nursery habitats. Noting high abundance of juveniles and adult members of S. gu acamaia in coral reef habitats and a total absence in mangrove stands, it appears that mangroves in certain regions do not function as obligate habitats and that seagrass and coral rubble become the primary preference for nursery, growth, and reproduction (Gonzalez-Salas et al. 2008). It is possible that with removal of mangrove forests the rainbow parrotfish are adapting to utilize other habitats that offer similar survival benefits. The reduced benefits of these marginal habitats may not provide rainbow parrotfish with the resources necessary to survive across their entire life history, allowing only temporary survival through one life stage or another (Rummer et al. 2009). This selective use, which is defined as use of a particular habitat patch disproportionately relative to its availability, can be exhibited either seasonally or spatially, and proximity rather than suitableness has been found as the dominant pattern of habitat use (Faunce and Serafy 2008). Mangrove shorelines across broad spatial scales are not equivalent in their value as fish habitats due to the inherent patchiness within the ecosystem. A measure of total habitat area may therefore overestimation the amount of functional habitat utilized by these fishes. In addition, species richness and total number of fishes collected adjacent to mangrove shorelines has been shown to decline with increasing inland distance from creek mouths and oceanic inlets, with water depth greatly related to fish use (Faunce and Serafy 2008).Rainbow parrotfish are valuable members of the communities with which they are associated. The grazing activities of these parrotfish are beneficial in preventing algal giantism and enhance coral reef resilience to algal blooms and other rival species (Hughes et al. 2007). The species also facilitates settlement and survival of corals by scraping and bioeroding the hard suddenly coral substratum and are crucial for the regeneration and maintenance of coral reefs (Lokrantz et al. 2008). Rainbow parrotfish and other scarid species participate in not only the use of carbon into the food chain in their direct consumption of seagrass, but also indirectly contribute to the detrital food chain with the removal of decaying seagrass material, which potentially results in the widespread dispersal of seagrass material into surface waters. Detached seagrass may also be cast onto the shore where it decays and may re-enter the system as detritus (Unsworth et al. 2007). Rainbow parrotfish may be equally important in influencing seagrass export from the system by the high rates of material discarded during consumption. The unattached plant matter, estimated to be as high as 11% of seagrass growth, becomes subsequently removed from the system by weather and currents (Unsworth et al. 2007). This figure is in addition to the amount consumed in grazing which causes the loss of at least 16% of the seagrass growth each day (Unsworth et al. 2007).In foulness of their eco logical role and importance, S. guacamaia populations are thought to be in decline and to have been fished to ecological extinction in Brazil, as well as other areas of the Caribbean (Floeter 2006). Rainbow parrotfish has been listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. This grant means the species is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild based on one or more of the following(a) five criteria reduction of population size, shrinking geographic range, a population with fewer than 10,000 mature individuals, restricted population extent, or quantitative outline showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 10% within 100 years (the full explanation of which are detailed in the 2004 IUCN criteria version 2.3, Roberts 1996). Given this information and the ecosystem role of the species maturation a model that details occurrence provides a means to treasure the health and function of this parrotfish in this region. In addition, one may apply the methods not only t hroughout the range of this species, but it may be possible to apply this model to other parrotfish species and similar families across the Florida Reef Tract and the Caribbean Sea.Characteristics of the Biscayne Bay and Florida Reef Tract officeThe Biscayne Bay region receives high numbers of larvae from offshore spawning adults and functions as a source point for juveniles and adults to migrate to the reef tract (Wang et al. 2003). The region also contains some of the most pristine habitat within the Florida Keys (Ishman 1997). The coastal shelf of the Florida Keys is characterized by shallow and exceedingly variable topography, where currents are influenced by tides, wind, and the very energetic offshore Florida current system (Haus et al. 2000). The eddies and meanders of the Florida Current make it possible for upwelling and larval transport to occur across the shelf, and the scale of these perturbations can vary from slow moving mesoscale gyres to faster moving, sub-mesosca le eddies (Haus et al. 2000). Velocities of these eddies can range from 0.53 m/s to 0.80 m/s along the inshore edge of the Florida Current (Haus et al. 2000) and the variability of those velocities can have an impact on dispersal and the resulting end locations of larvae (Haus et al. 2000). go reefs in this region occupy a significant portion of the water column, which leads to variability in the water depth. These protrusions have the potential to change the effectuality and direction of the tidal flow in the bay. The northern Florida Keys contain over 4,000 patch reefs, composed generally of cemented reef (47.3 +/- 2.2% cover) and pavement (20.1 +/- 2.1%), with varying amounts of rubble, boulders and sand (Kuffner et al. 2009). The benthic community observed on these patch reefs is largely dominated by macrophytes, encrusting invertebrates, and suitable settlement substratum found beneath a substantial canopy of gorgonian (soft) corals (Kuffner et al. 2009). Macroalgae occupies a large portion of space on the reefs, especially Dictyota spp. (15.4 +/- 0.8% cover) and Halimeda tuna (11.7 +/- 0.6% cover). Live scleractinian corals account for only 5.8+/- 0.6% of the benthonic zone (Kuffner et al. 2009).The tides are generally weak, with a semidiurnal height range of approximately 0.5 m (Haus et al. 2000). As measured in Caesar Creek, tidal velocity can exceed 25 cm/s, while current measurements within the inlets have shown peak tidal velocities in excess of 50 cm/s (Haus et al. 2000). These convey commonly referred to as the ABC Channels because of their names goosefish Creek, capacious Creek, and Caesar Creek form the main outlet from the southern end of Biscayne Bay onto the Florida reef tract. The ABC Channels convey large oscillating tidal flows and wind driven flows between the bay and the ocean, and transport through these corridors predominantly shows a semi-diurnal cycle with amplitudes of 500 m3/s, 300 m3/s, and 250 m3/s respectively (Wang et al. 2003). establish on observations, there is a net outflow at Angelfish and Caesar Creek, but an inconsistent inflow in Broad Creek (Wang et al. 2003). With the tidal flows and the input of freshwater, the residence times of the water varies widely from several months in the more enclosed Barnes Sound and circulation-restricted Card Sound (Ishman 1997), to about a month in the western parts of South Biscayne Bay, and nearly home in in the vicinity of the ocean inlets (Wang et al. 2003).The area encompassing Biscayne Bay south to Card Sound and Barnes Sound forms a barrier island lagoon system that exhibits estuarine characteristics near points of freshwater inflow during the pie-eyed and early change season (Wang et al. 2003). This lagoon system leads to broad salinity regimes that are highly variable throughout the year, and vary greatly across relatively small areas of only several kilometers due to high freshwater input through canals (as opposed to groundwater), and limited tidal flushing. Salinity variations in Biscayne Bay primarily result from canal discharges through gated control structures, as well as smaller freshwater exchanges in the Bay driven by terrestrial runoff, rainfall, and evaporation (Wang et al. 2003) and upwelling from groundwater (Ishman 1997). The greatest salinity fluctuations occur near canal mouths in Barnes Sound and along the western margin of Biscayne Bay. The smallest fluctuation ranges were observed near ocean inlets (Wang et al. 2003), where the vertical variations of salinity in the water column ranged from less than 0.2 to a maximum salinity change of 0.8 from top to bottom in the vicinity of the inlet mouth (Haus et al. 2000). In the Pelican Bank region of Biscayne Bay (see Figure 10), good circulation results in regular flushing and average salinities range from 33 to 35 (Ishman 1997).Water flow characteristics in this region are also determined by a network of drainage canals used for outlandish and industrial purposes. These canals also function to control flooding, which has greatly altered the distribution of freshwater within the watershed, as well as the quantity, quality, and timing of freshwater discharges to Biscayne Bay (Wang et al. 2003). This has led to greater pulses with larger peak discharges in the wet season and less freshwater reaching Biscayne Bay in the wry season due to reduced terrestrial storage and lowered groundwater levels (Wang et al. 2003). increase runoff not only affects salinity conditions in coastal waters, but also can be a mechanism for increased alimentary loading (Rudnick et al. 2006). There exists a coastal ridge, bisecting the Bay, which acts as a groundwater divide, with water west of the ridge flowing toward Florida Bay. The outputs of freshwater from the canals have punctured massive holes through the ridge, changing the direction and characteristics of the flow, and the qualities of the watershed (Wang et al. 2003).This region also is characteriz ed by large coverage of submerged aquatic vegetation such as seagrasses, and wide availability of phytoplankton, microalgal and macroalgal species. Florida Bay is approximately 2000 km2 in total surface area, with 95% bottom coverage of seagrasses, characterized by sparse, patchy beds of Thalassia testudinum interspersed with locally rich Halodule wrightii (Fourqurean and Robblee 1999). However, in the spring of 1991, Florida Bay exhibited a shift from a system characterized by clear water to one of extensive and persistent turbidity and phytoplankton blooms, which limits the ability of the seagrass to grow and function properly by reducing keenness of light in the water column (Fourqurean and Robblee 1999). This seagrass die-off was not accompanied or preceded by noticeable decreases in water clarity or increases in colonization by epiphytes, however. There were many hypothesized causes for this die-off which include hypoxia and sulfide toxicity, the loss of the estuarine nature of the system, overdevelopment of the seagrass beds, chronic hypersal

UN Human Trafficking Prevention Protocol An Analysis

UN tender-hearted Trafficking Prevention protocol An AnalysisHuman trafficking is an ever- growth global execrable charge and a prominent humanitarian crisis, with as many as an estimated 27 million populate being trafficked globally each year. Traditional approaches to struggle this global phenomenon has been largely ineffective, as globalization has revolutionized the practices and process in which it is carried by. Trafficking at its core involves the objectification of persons into illicit market commodities persons who, through deception, force or coercion, atomic number 18 transported and sold for the recede aim of exploitation. In recent years, increasing aw beness of this growing criminal trend throughout the transnational community has urged international bodies to draw immediate action. As a response to this crisis, one critical document, coroneted the United Nations protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, was drafted. Albeit being introduced hike in 2000, this Protocol is a signifi green goddesst law enforcement accomplishment, and is the first-class honours degree and simply international agreement of its kind to show many detailed pabulum for the testimonial and assistance of victims of transnational crime.Despitethis, the UN Trafficking Protocol has proven to nominate limited authority incombating and controlling human trafficking and modern slavery, especially incertain countries like Tailand. While it has enhanced transnationalcooperation in tackling this issue, it fails to take into account, and therebydoes not provide solutions for, non- complaisance, a corrupt criminal refereesystem, as healthy as the reintegration of victims back into society. While the purpose of the Protocol is to prevent and combat trafficking in persons, protect and assist victims of trafficking, and to prove cooperation among State Parties, the provisions providing for the machineation and enforcement of these meas ures be weak. Each of these provisions begins with the permissive language that State Parties shall adopt or establishas whitethorn be necessary, shall endeavour to, and shall considerin appropriate cases implementing discordant protection or assistive measures for victims. For example, denomination 7 requires State Parties solely to consider providing temporary or permanent residence in its district in appropriate cases. While this provides the flexibility to craft and implement policies and laws that dress hat suit the needs of various State Parties, the lack of any wakeless obligation or enforcement measures could potentially undermine political commitment to the Protocol, since compliance is purely on a voluntary basis. This lack of obligation can be seen in Thailand one of the signatories of the Protocol where young girls deemed to be trafficking victims be not granted temporary legal documents in accordance to Thai law, and therefore are not allowed to leave the shel ter grounds (Thrupkaew, 2009). This goes against Article 8.4 of the UN Trafficking Protocol, which mentions State Party shall agree to issue travel documents to victims of trafficking who is without proper documentation, to help their travel to and re-enter its territory. Hence, this freedom and flexibility to interpret the Protocol has undermined its effectiveness in implementing and enforcing the provisions stated to provide assistance to the victims of trafficking.Similarly, the corruption of local anesthetic law enforcement in countries like Thailand and Cambodia apply hindered efforts to curb human trafficking, as they provide a system of protection and safe-haven for key stakeholders involved in the process. From petty bribery to large-scale misappropriation of funds, corruption is rife throughout the criminal judge process in many countries, and has serious implications two for the human rights of detainees and the efficient administration of justice. The Protocol, despit e its concerted effort to offset human trafficking, is nonetheless at the mercy of the local authorities to implement and enforce measures on the ground. As mentioned by Thrupkaew, the root cause of much of the suffering in the developing world is the failure of the criminal justice system to protect the poor from the violence and brutality that robs them of their basic subsistence and liberty. In Cambodia, the police are notorious for their involvement in trafficking, through extortion of protection money, assault and rape of sex act uponers and trafficking victims (Thrupkaew, 2009). In Thailand, the politicians do not take sex slavery seriously, and while there exist full and bonk laws that forbid enslavement, trafficking and exploitation, they are not enforced (Bales, 1999, p.72). As such, although the Protocol does provide an international legislative framework and is very comprehensive in its screen background of human trafficking, it is ineffective as local authorities ar e to a greater extent concerned active their own personal well-being than national political concerns, and thus do not enforce these measures on the ground.Furthermore, while the Protocol provides the necessary provisions for the physical, psychological and social recovery of victims of trafficking as mentioned in Article 6.3, it is not implemented, and little is being done to help allay their reintegration into society. Many victims who are freed and taken to shelters are found to suffer from aggression, depression, and delirious instability. Yet, these shelters are merely surface attempts at abiding by the Protocol, and victims are robbed of the opportunity to overcome their trauma and recover from the physical and emotional distress they have suffered. This is especially prevalent in Thailand, where psychological counselling is effectively unknown, and little therapeutic work is done with girls freed from brothels (Bales, 1999, p.59). There is also a strong possibility of re -enslavement, especially if the girls rescued are foreigners who dont speak the local language (Bales, 1999, p.66). This shows that the Protocol has failed in not exactly providing the necessary services for victims to recover from the emotional trauma that they have set about from this violence, but also the prevention of victims of trafficking from re-victimization, as stated in word 9.1.b of the Protocol.However, we cannot understate the effectiveness of the UN Trafficking Protocol, because it is the first universal instrument intended to draw near the global movement against human exploitation through collective action. Consequently, it is a reflection of the political will of international governments to combat human trafficking, testify by the widespread ratification of 166 State Parties as a first step in the expression of that political commitment. Moreover, the Protocols comment of trafficking and what amounts to exploitation is universally accepted as the most compre hensive exposition that has informed various international counter-trafficking legal frameworks. This has aided prosecutors worldwide in providing assistance, protection and advocating for the rights of trafficked persons.Despitethis, coordination efforts on a national level are still grossly lacking,especially among various law enforcement agencies, criminal justice serviceproviders and victim service providers. For example, the International JusticeMission (IJM), an evangelistic Christian organization devoted to combating humanrights abuse, collaborate with local counterparts in providing assistiveservices and protection to victims of slave labour and sexual abuse. However, becauseof the differences in policies and their view towards trafficking andprostitution, IJM has strained, and eventually severed, diplomatic relations withcounter-trafficking efforts in Thailand. In addition, IJM failed to workclosely with victim service providers, and have no idea how aftercare leads tothe protection for minors, and neither do they track where they are sent afterrepatriation (Thrupkaew, 2009). As such, the lack of a nationalanti-trafficking coordinating body to promote remedy cooperation amongst localorganizations and to monitor the implementation of national referral mechanismshas greatly hindered the effectiveness of the Protocol.Since traffickingin person by nature is a covert activity involving underground populations on aninternational scale, it is difficult to analyse, measure and understand. Inlight of this, the Protocol could include the creation of a central repositoryof information on measures taken by States and organizations to combat humantrafficking. This database would include national legislations, internationalcriminal organizational structures, and information on global anti-traffickingprojects. In the increment of this repository, the UN could adapt from theAutomated Donor Assistance Mechanism (ADAM) by UNODC, a web-based informationsharing syste m designed to provide project hydrofoil and coordination oftechnical assistance. Such a platform increases the accessibility andavailability of information to State Parties, which would inarguably aid in theidentification and prosecution of traffickers as well as their modus operandi, thereby enhancing global effortsagainst trafficking.Limitedresearch has also been carried out on what trafficked persons want and need interms of support, rehabilitation and their get it on in the participation ofthe criminal justice process. As Thrupkaew mentions, It didnt underwrite anyonesmind to work with sex workers on the law, and although we talk about theminimum standards of assistance, victims are not consulted in the creation ofthose standards. As such, excess funding could be provided to NGOs andsocial workers to encourage further research in this area, so as to provideuseful insights to policy-makers and practitioners. Inessence, the main compelling reason why the Trafficking Protocol is ineffectivein reducing global human sex trafficking is cod to UNs unfitness to enforcecompliance from Protocol signatories, and stronger monitoring provisions andtighter membership policies should be adopted. That being said, such reformsshould proceed with caution, as ensuring compliance need not necessarily leadto revised laws being effective in that country, due to various factors such astheir socio-political climate. How effective the Protocol is ultimately boils put down on the onus of State Parties on their level of commitment to make upand enforce Protocol measures into their domestic law. Only then will we havethe slightest chance in eradicating human trafficking.(Word Count 1543words)ReferenceBales, K. B. (1999).Disposablepeople New slavery in the global economy. Berkeley, CA University ofCalifornia Press.Thrupkaew, N. (2009, family line 16).The crusade against sex trafficking. Retrieved February 9, 2017, from Crusade AgainstSex Trafficking, https//www.thenation.com/art icle/crusade-against-sex-trafficking/UNODC. (2009, October 6). ADAM(automated presenter assistance mechanism). Retrieved February 9, 2017, from UnitedNations Office on Drugs and Crime,http//www.unodc.org/unodc/en/global-it-products/adam.html

A Comparison of Shakespeares Sonnet 18 and Duffys Valentine Essay

A Comparison of Shakespeares Sonnet 18 and Duffys Valentine Shakespears situation towards his lover is she is superior to the pass and very beautiful Shall I equalise thee to a summers day?This show Shakespeare is thinking about comparing her to the summerbut then he gives examples of how she is better than the summer.He says she is lovelier than the summer gramme art more lovely andmore temperate.He then goes on to say Rough winds do shake the darling buds of Maythis performer that she is more like a darling bud of May than a roughwind that come in the summer. He also explains, using a metaphor thatthe summer doesnt stay forever, but she will be beautiful forever And summers lease hath all excessively short a date.Then he says that sometimes the sun is too hot and is secret by cloudsbut her beauty is never hidden and she is perfect. Sometimes too hotthe eye of heaven shines. And often is his gold complexion dimmd Hethen uses a double metaphor to explain that every supporti ng this isdoomed to die and that nature cannot stop itself from dying ...

Rhetorical Analysis of The Shawshank Redemption Essay -- essays, Movie

Rhetorical Analysis of The Shawshank Redemption The Shawshank Redemption is an inspiring story to the highest degree Andy Dufreine and his efforts to maintain consent in horrible situations. The directors used many in effect(p) methods that displayed signs of hope in such a horrible place. Andy maintained hope by distracting his mind and always staying occupied. Andy was also inspired to survive by helping other(a)s find hope in life. The creators of this movie used some(prenominal) effective, and often subtle, methods to illustrate the hope found in Andy and his surroundings. Andy was always portray as a clean-cut and well-groomed prisoner with his shirt always buttoned and his hair always combed. This self-respect was in great contrast to the other prisoners who were portrayed as dirty, stereotypical prisoners. The common prisoners also had vocabularies and grammar that were far lacking(p) to Andys. The distinctions surrounded by Andy and the common prisoners sh owed that Andy was different, those differences were that he had hope. Many scenes involved ironic contrasts between the tone and the surroundings. On several occasions the background music was satisfied and upbeat while the physical settings and scenery were terribly dark, dreary and depressing. iodine good example of this is the scene where Andy was helping the guards with their taxes. There was upbeat and perky music but the room and the surroundings were dark and gloomy. This hint of joy represents how Andys hope ...

Robert Wrights Article the Evolution Of Despair :: essays research papers fc

Robert Wrights Article "The Evolution of Despair"Robert Wright is the science writer for clock Magazine. Because hewrites for this popular magazine, he enjoys the attention of many readers wholook to him to pull up stakes them with the latest news from the scientific community.After reading The Evolution of Despair, an expression written by Wright, I cameunder the impression that he is both(prenominal) reporter and commentator, but notexplicitly so. Wright utilizes a variety of rhetorical tools to build trustand confidence in his readers, thereupon interjecting his own opinions withoutarousing suspicion.The articles first split up is a perfect example of how a writer canestablish intimacy with his reader. The following example demonstrates Wrightsuse of first person and unrestrained appeal"Whether burdened by an overwhelming flurry of daily commitments or stifled by asense of social isolation whether involved for hours in a sense of life sentencespointlessness or beset for geezerhood by unresolved anxiety whether deprived by longworkweeks from feel time with offspring or drowning in quantity time withthem some(prenominal) the source of stress, we at times get the feeling that modernlife isnt what we were designed for" (1).Everyone, at some point, has experienced the feelings that Wrightdescribes. And with the pronoun we Wright tells his readers, Yes, I havebeen done the same things. This sort of statement is like a token of faithfulwill. The readers feel that Wright understands their plight and thus are muchlikely to hark to what he has to say.With this trust established, Wright moves on to the task of buildingconfidence in his readers. He lives up to his title of science writer byproviding mixed statistics ("As of 1993, 37% of Americans felt they couldtrust most people, down from 58% in 1960" (4).) and reporting the findings ofnumerous professors and scientists ("The anthropo-logist Phillip Walker hasstudied the bon es of more than 5,000 children from hundreds of preindustrialcultures, dating back to 4,000 B.C." (2).). This serves a three-fold purpose1) to give credibility to the article, 2) to go forth subject matter on whichWright can comment, and 3) to indirectly establish the object lesson character of Wright.On this last point, explicit endorsement of Wright by these viewauthorities is absent and unnecessary. The mere appearance of support fromthese sources is sufficient profuse to suggest the validity of his views.Wrights persuasive approach is a method that an draw a bead on orator mightadopt. Instead of the written word, this article might be presented orally. Itis no difficult task to imagine Wright standing before a podium, addressing a

Similar Roles of Mothers and Daughters in Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club :: Joy Luck Club Essays

Similar Roles of Mothers and Daughters in Amy Tans The pleasure circumstances Club The Joy Luck Club, a novel by Amy Tan, is structured in an unusual way. It is dual-lane into iv different sections. Each section has four stories told by four different women. In the first section all the dumbfounds, in the Joy Luck Club, palaver about their childhood. In the next two sections the young womans talk about their childhood and their experiences through life. In the last section the four mothers speak about the stories of when they were younger, around their girlfriends age. This novel explores countless topics. Not notwithstanding does it deal with gender identicalness and the relationships between Chinese-American cultures, but it also deals with mother daughter relationships. Amy Tan shows us how mothers and daughters mirror distributively other. Every daughter in this novel hears about their mothers life and sees some(a) comparisons to her own life. only women are daughters and must resolve the conflicts inherent in the mother/daughter relationship if they are to understand themselves an ultimately to establish their own identity. (Internet 1) No matter how old they get, mothers and daughters play similar roles. Even though an individual may not consciously do things that their mothers have taught/ get from them, they still act the same in some respects. An example of this would be GuYing-ying (Betty) St. Clair and Lena St. Clair. Both of these characters tell their stories. These stories, in ways, sound very similar to each other. Ying-yings story is called the Moon Lady. In this story, Ying-ying learns a truth and in some ways becomes a different person. As Ying-ying sat on the bound of the boat the firecrackers went off. She send away off the boat and found herself lost in a large body of water. She is discovered in the water and is brought to shoot down where she finds her family. Later she sees the moon chick and wants to make a hankering. The moon dame is similar to a shooting star. You only get one wish and it only appears once in a great while. However, when she sees the moon lady she discovers something. I could see the face of the moon lady shrunken cheeks, a broad oily nose, large glaring teeth, and red stained eyes. A face so tires that she she wearily pulled off her hair, her long gown fell from her shoulders and as the secret wish fell from my lips, the moon lady looked at me and became a man (83) Ying-ying discovers that things arent always what they appear to be.

Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown and History Essays -- Young Goodman Br

spring chicken Goodman Brown and History Q. D. Leavis states that perhaps the persecuting expression of their way of life was peculiarly present to Hawthorne because of the witch-hanging judge and the Quaker-whipping Major among his ancestors (30). This is a reference to one instance of historical allusion in Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown. This essay will explore a variety of historical incidences referred to in this short story. Clarice Swisher in Nathaniel Hawthorne a Biography states William Hathorne was a colonial magistrate problematic in the persecution of Quakers, another Protestant religious group. Hawthorne after described him as grave, bearded, sable-cloaked, and steeple-crowned, a hard, dark man. His son John Hathorne was nearly known as a Puritan judge who condemned wo custody as witches in 1692 during the Salem witchery trials, and who later expressed no remorse for his actions. . . . Of his ancestors, especially Judge John, Hawthorne later said, I . . . hereby take shame upon myself for their sakes, and pray that any nuisance incurred by them . . . may be now and henceforth removed (14). consultation to these forbears of Goodman Brown is made in a notable episode in Young Goodman Brown when the devil responds to Browns assertion of his familys Christian past We have been a race of honest men and good Christians, since the days of the martyrs. And shall I be the first of the name of Brown, that eer took this path and kept- The devil then responds Such company, thou wouldst say, spy the elder person, interrupting his pause. Well said, Goodman Brown I have been as well acquainted with your family as with ever a one among the Puritans an... ... Derived from New England Living. In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, 1996. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Young Goodman Brown. 1835. http//www.cwrl.utexas.edu/daniel/amlit/goodman/goodmantext.html Leavis, Q.D. Hawthorne as Poet. In Hawthorne A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Swisher, Clarice. Nathaniel Hawthorne a Biography. In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, 1996. Wagenknecht, Edward. Nathaniel Hawthorne The Man, His Tales and Romances. New York Continuum issue Co., 1989. Williams, Stanley T. Hawthornes Puritan Mind. In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, 1996.

Investigation into elastic potential energy :: essays research papers fc

why and What I hope to achieveI believe that the purpose of doing this is to forego me to demonstrate my understanding of Elastic potential naught. And the projectile concepts of the effect of ever-changing potential into kinetic energy and for me to demonstrate my ability to apply chewy potential energy to a scientific investigation.What am I press release to do and what impart it proveI am going to utilise an lively stage set and release it from different tensions I will thusly measure how far it &8216flies&8217.Doing this will tell me the relationship between armament, potential energy and kinetic energy.My PredictionI predict that the hike I pull the draw back the further it will &8216 travel&8217. This is based on the fact that the more tension involved gist that the potential energy is greater therefore the kinetic/moving energy will also be greater.VariablesForce to pull the band back. This will be between 3 and 11 atomic number 7&8217s.EquationsDistance = look sharpTime promote = Time DistanceTime = Distance SpeedI also have Equations for EPE in my research.Method1)Attach an elastic band to the hook on the end of a Newton thousand and stretch the band until the Newton metre reads three Newton&8217s2)Then Release the band and see how far it flies.3)Measure utilize a metre stick how far the band has travelled.4)Repeat this resembling test three time in order to gather and intermediate later on.5)The double over this test using forces of 5, 7, 9 and 11 Newton&8217s.6)Remember to repeat each test on each force three times.7)Then collect the mean average using the results you accepted from repeating each of the tests.Fair TestI will falsify sure this is a fair test byUsing the analogous band each timeUsing the same height at which to release the bandRepeat each test three times so that we gat a reasonable result and in the font of getting a &8216freak&8217 result I will repeat that test.Same place &8211 Draught&8217s, heatSame angle when band is releasedThings to take into accountThe band will &8216age&8217 therefore losing close to of its elasticity and tension.If it didn&8217t hit the ground it would probably go further. example the same Newton metre and have the same person yarn it.There might be a breeze of wind of or so sort either flowing with the band or against it.Temperature of room any possible obstructions or anything else that make effect the general momentum e.g. Doors start windows being open or shut.Angle, position and height you release the band from.

The Epistemology of Hegels Introduction to the Phenomenology of Spirit

The Epistemology of Hegels Introduction to the Phenomenology of Spirit In his Phenomenology of Spirit, G.W.F. Hegel lays out a process by which wizard whitethorn come to know downright truth. This process shows a gradual evolution from a state of innate cognizance (56) (1) to one of complete self- intelligence - which leads to an understanding of the nature of imperious friendship itself (66). By understanding the relation between consciousness and truth, one may come to know the true nature of our existence. Hegel proposes to answer these questions in one adventurous stroke he relates them in such a way as to make an infinitely complex and indiscernible humankind a one(a) whole. This process from a natural state to a kind of transcendence leads one from the chaos of the immediate to the sublimity of the universal. Consciousness begins as what Hegel calls a natural consciousness (56). That which is known to this consciousness will fire to be knowledge only in conception, not in ingenuousness (56). This kind of consciousness assumes knowledge of reality that is often refuted. Hegel says, since natural consciousness does forthwith think it really knows, it views its own experiential course in a negative light, taking the very realization of its conception to be instead its own loss (57), demonstrating the frailty of this method of thought. To respond to this mar of consciousness, some might attempt to find an rank(a) absolved from one-sidedness, from unembellished relativity to the knowing subject. Others will not respond this way, however, instead reel off into apathy, subjectivism, or nihilism (59). Those who do attempt to find an object truth most often turn to science. Some have suggested that the sympathy is an ... ...s to relate to that reality at all. Thus as one comes to be fully aware of consciousness, one becomes fully aware of absolute reality. Hegel describes a way by which one may come to know absolute truth. This process shows a transition from a state of natural consciousness (56) to one of complete self-consciousness - which leads to an understanding of the nature of absolute knowledge itself (66). By understanding the relation between consciousness and truth, one may come to know the true nature of our existence. Thus, Hegel answers these questions in one bold stroke he relates them in such a way as to make an infinitely complex and indiscernible universe a unitary whole. This whole is not only organic self-consciousness, but also total awareness of absolute reality. 1. * Page References are to the unpublished translation by Peter Fuss and John Dobbins.

Assault on the Courts :: essays research papers

desecrate on the CourtsFighting has become a habitual event seen in professional basketball. There has been a consistent decline in professionalism and moral philosophy predominately in young athletes. Before the Ron Artest event, most players were idolized as gods and portray as todays heroes. However, a shocking phenomenon has risen as newer and younger athletes shake up entered the new NBA. Professionalism, ethical motive, and integrity have taken a binding seat to greed and selfishness. On November 1st, 2004, during the Pacers vs. Pistons game, the game of basketball changed forever. A drunken fan in the stands launched a beer at Indiana Pacer, Ron Artest. 67 Ron Artest rushed the stands, brutally beating an innocent bystander. Around the kindred time as the Ron Artest ordeal, there began a slew of unacceptable occurrences of fight and foul play amongst basketball players. The reasons for these changes in behavior seem to have intricate and distinct underlying reasons. Th ese behaviors compromise the attitude our country is built on. The behavior of todays athlete is a direct expression on the attitude of todays youth. The total disregard for chest of drawers is becoming the norm. Respect for teachers in all levels of education is at an all-time low.One of the most significant reasons for this occurrence is due to the fact that players ar celebrities and feel invincible they assume that they will be able to lam punishment proposed by courts and coaches. How have players attitudes changed so drastically? The basketball players, who set somewhat it into the NBA, have been pampered for the majority of their career going all the way back to high school. Coaches have given them special treatment, because they have more endowment fund and enable the coaches to win games. College coaches often provide these favored players with just about anything that they wish. Egos are constantly stroked at the college level to try and convince these players to bind in school. Why? Because money is the bottom line and these players bring in the mighty dollar. There is extreme thrust from the alumni who donate millions of dollars a division to big time universities to win. Presidents of these universities then apply pressure to athletic directors to study coaches that win. The compensation for these college coaches has risen substantially in the past few years. This increases the pressure on coaches to win and win now, thus more coaches are sacrificing morals and education to accommodate the player that helps them succeed, at any cost necessary.

Love in twelfth night Essay -- essays research papers

eff in 12th nightIn the play twelfth night, Shakespe are covered three types of love want, true love and brotherly love. Love is one of the close confusing and most misunderstood emotions that we as macrocosm posses. Love is an extremely diverse emotion which is why it was utilize as the main topic in twelfth night.Lust, which is probably one of the most confusing types of love was an apparent subject in twelfth night.There are many reasons why one would lust, one could be because you are attracted to a specific quality of a person or could maybe lonesome(prenominal) alike there looks or even just thing like there charisma. Shakespeare showed lust between Orsino and Olivia. Even though Orsino had not met or even seen Olivia, he was still madly in love with her. Lust is defined as an acuate still temporary wanting of a persons attention or love. Orsino tried to capture the heart of Olivia through pop out the play, and lusted for her because he was attracted by her grievin g for her family. It was thought by Orsino that She would have an intense love for him if she loved her family so much. As the play moves forward, Orsino actually meets Olivia but he loses his lust for her, and instead loves Viola ( formerly Cesario). Shakespeare also used lust between Malvolio and Olivia. Malvolio thought that Olivia had fallen in love with him (as the ratifier knows this was a joke being played on Malvolio). This grew a large ego bubble on Malvolio. He thought that she truly wanted his love, and thusly his ego ...