Identify the constituent parts of a total computer system :: Computer Science

Identify the constituent parts of a total figurer system=========================================================Hardware - input and siding unitsBackup storage rudimentary processing unitSoftware - applications packageOperating systemThe main function of a computer system is to process data. When datahas been processed and output it becomes information. The main stagesof this procedure are1. The Input Stage - where data is put into the computer.2. The Processing Stage - where the data is processed.3. The Output Stage - where the results are displayed.A computer also needs to store data for later use. This is doneon a backing storage device.Hardware - input and output unitsINPUT DEVICESBarcode contributorA barcodeBarcodes are different groups of vertical bars that can beread by an optical scanner. Barcodes are printed on nearly every crossroad that you can buy. Shops use barcodes because they are cheap toproduce and very durable.Concept keyboardA concept keyboard is a flat board t hat contains a grid of buttons. individually button can be programmed to follow instructions. An overlay sheetis placed on the grid with an explanation for each button. They areused in primary(a) schools with young children. Many modern fast foodrestaurants have overlays with either a description or picture of themeals that are available to make order of magnitude easier.Digital cameraA digital camera allows you to take pictures and to store a digitalphotographic image that can be read by a computer. You can thentransfer the images directly from your camera on to your computer.Digital cameras are often used by estate agents for producingadvertising and gross revenue material.Graphics tabletA graphics tabletA graphics tablet consists of a flat pad (the tablet)on which the exploiter draws with a special pen. As the user draws on thepad the image is created on the screen. Using a graphics tablet adesigner can produce very accurate on-screen drawings.MICR (charismatic sign Character Reader)Magnetic ink characters are the strange looking numbers that appear atthe bottom of check-out procedures. These characters are used because they are very effortful to forge or damage. Banks use MICR to read the numbers fromthe bottom of cheques to obtain data such as account numbers and banksort codes.Magnetic stripA magnetic strip on a credit cardMagnetic strips are built into manyplastic cards such as cheque guarantee cards, cash-point cards andpersonal identity cards. The magnetic strip on the back of the cardcan hold the personal details of the card owner and, with thenecessary PIN, will allow access to secure information e.g. bankaccount details.MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface)A MIDI system allows you to get hold of a musical instrument to your

Contemporary Music and the Effects It Has on Youth Essay -- Essays Pap

Contemporary Music and the Effects It Has on Youth In a book written on Abraham Lincoln, the author states, Who writes the Nations songs shapes the nations souls. (1) This statement is true. A quick see to it back at the music of the 1960s and 70s and the effects it had on society proves the statement. The question then arises, how does contemporaneous music effect modern society? More importantly how does it effect the most easily influenced group, the youth? There is no doubt that much of the best-selling(predicate) music in 90s culture has a negative message. The rise of rap, especially gangster rap and the continual popularity of heavy metal argon major contributors to the negative message. The message in turn has a very negative effect on children. The language and actions described in this music gives kids a false perception of what the world is truly like. It also portrays to them that the actions are socially acceptable or good. Youths of the present have a much more unco rrectable path to adulthood then the youth of the past. On a regular basis they are subjected to violence, drugs, and sex. Often times they are faced with making a decision for or against one of these vices. The majority of children will do what they think people they look up to will do. Often times the people they look up to are celebrities in music who send out a negative message. These celebrities often glorify sexism, violence, and drug use. 2-Live Crew was one of the first debatable rap groups to integrate itself into the public eye. Their lyrics, which are tame by todaysstandards, are sexually explicit and objectify women. Their lyrics not only fail to satirize the myth of the hypersexual black, they also commit the moral blunder of sexualizing the vi... ... End Notes and Bibliography1.)U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs. Subcommitte on Oversight of Governmental Management, Restructuring, and the District of Columbia. Music military u nit How Does it Affect Our Children. 105th Congress, 1st Session, 6 November 1997. Pg. 1 2.)Epstein, Johnathon S. ed. Adolescents and Their Music If Its Too Loud, Youre Too Old. New York Garland Publishing, 1994. Pg. 172 3.)Rose, Tricia. shadowy Noise Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America. Hanover Wesleyan University Press, 1994. Pg 128-129 4.)See Epstein, Pg. 175 5.)See Congress, Pg. 1 Additional WorksPotter, Russell. Spectacular Vernaculars. Albany State University of New York Press, 1995. Ro, Ronin. Gangsta. New York St. Martins Press, 1996.

Globalization and Anthropology :: Outsourcing, Offshoring, Free Trade

1. We live in a world where nothing is sacred if selling it can pick out a buck. Be it tourist indigenous memorabilia or your own extra kidney, you can bet theres a viable market, and someones willing to buy. Given the fantastic stealth of international transactions, globalized markets evoke particularly ominous possibilities for the marginalized in our capitalistic economy. Exposing obscure global issues from tourist art to bio-piracy, Schneider and Scheper-Hughes enlarge our understanding of globalization by questioning ones responsibility to the agency of others in an increasingly interrelated world. According to Schneider, defining authenticity is a battle between indigenous populates and the tourists who purchase their arts and crafts. As tourist art grows with the realization of international tourism as means of development and scotch growth in marginalized communities, foreign assumptions affect the perception of indigenous arts and crafts as legitimately indigenous. Indig enous peoples readily transform functional items into feasible commodities goods such as indigenous blouses and shawls easily become alien place mates and pillow cases, enabling indigenous peoples to survive (Schneider 80). Schneider asks, does this practice rob peoples of their culture, or exclusively generate a new kind of survival market culture? In seeking to recognize and question Eurocentric imaginings of the world, the discipline of anthropology complicates the right of tourists to jurist the commodities of indigenous communities, as it questions the right of a global economy that forces peoples to produce such commodities to survive (Schneider 83).In her more gruesome study of organ larceny in impoverished communities, Scheper-Hughes similarly demands that consumers understand the implications of neo-cannibalism on an international scale. Rejecting the idea of impoverished peoples as uneducated and gullible informants, Scheper-Hughes questions the meaning of doctors, orga n brokers and prestigious anthropologists denying people voice about body-snatching (35, 39). Her research proves that eviscerated bodies do appear in allies and morgues, and verifies the accounts of poor peoples denied as mere inventions by authorities (36, 38).

The Deception of Visual Memory :: Photography Essays

The Deception of Visual MemoryWhat is ocular memory? And what does it mean to remember by dint of images? Unlike verbal memory, visual memory functions primarily through a dependence on its materiality, on the texture and avail office of the paintings, icons, photographs, films, and video clips that give it shape.We remember whole events through condensed images that reduce complex and multidimensional phenomena into memorable scenes. The meanings of wars, political conflicts, tragic romances, and cataclysmic disasters can all be found within a painters brush or a cameras lens, as in Emanuel Leutzes 1851 rendition of George Washington crossing the Delaware River or Joe Rosenthals photographic capture of the flag-raising atop Iwo Jima during World War II. The materiality of visual memory is deceptive, in that it overstates elements of the visual that cater peculiarly well to memory work. Visual memory depends on images that are simplified, conventional, schematic, and often composi te. These images tend to arbitrarily marry with the event or object being remembered, rarely making explicit how they construct what we see and remember. Collectively held images thus act as signposts, directing mickle who remember to preferred meaning by the fastest route. These signposts are deceptive, favoring certain strategies for making, collecting, retaining, storing, recycling, and forgetting images that privilege certain ways of remembering over others. With photographs, visual memorys deception is particularly acute.We need only think of the photo of a dazed Jackie Kennedy gazing upon the swearing-in of Lyndon Baines Johnson as the next U.S. President or of the image of a small boy, his hands stretched supra his head, being herded out of the Warsaw Ghetto by German soldiers, to recognize how well photographs work as vehicles of memory. But their strength is offset by the fact that in memory, one function of photography - its ability to tell it like it is, commonly called its verisimilitude - is understated in order to privilege a second function - the ability of the photo to act as a symbol. In memory, then, contingent details matter less than the way in which contingent details are do part of a larger interpretive scheme. Holocaust photography bears this out with troubling implications for our understanding of contemporary atrocity. Photos of the liberation of the Nazi concentration camps in 1945 were preserve with inaccurate or incomplete captions, with few credits, and with an uneven relationship to the words at their side.

Nervous Conditions by Tsitsi Dangarembga Essay -- Nervous Conditions T

sickish Conditions by Tsitsi DangarembgaQuietly, unobtrusively and extremely fitfully, something in my mind began to swear itself, to question things, and to refuse to be brainwashed The main character, Tambudzai, in the novel Nervous Conditions by Tsitsi Dangarembga, is determined to get a white teaching without losing her endemic tongue and ways. However this proves to be more difficult that she would expect and seeds that are planted in her mind by the whites begin to take shape, and greatly walk out her existence. I will begin by giving an overview of the bilgewater leading up to the point where Tambu heads off to begin her education at the missionary school. succeeding(a) I show how Tambu has already been brainwashed into believing that the whites educational system is better than her own. Following I will discuss the influences that Tambu had to get over in order to refuse to be brainwashed further. Finally I will give exam to the insight that Tambus story offers on the side of a person in her position. Tambu, as we shall call her, wants very badly to murder an education. Since her brother is the oldest and male he is given the first opportunity to attain an education. Because Tambu is a female it is thought by her family that attaining an education would not benefit her family, but some other man outside of her family, because she will marry, at that placefore she is not given an opportunity to be educated. Tambu fights this oppression by cultivating mealies in her grandmothers old garden, and then taking them to the city to be sold. While there she is told by a white woman that she should be in school, and her teacher who was with her states that Tambu would very much like an education but can not give way it. The woman gives Tambu ten pounds which pays for her education at the local village school for a long time. Her brother then dies, creating a opening for a student from their family at the missionary school where her uncle Babamukuru i s the headmaster. Since she has no more male siblings at the time it is okay for Tambu to be educated. Tambus education is now of some rank since her brother is gone, as it will help pull the family further out of poverty since a higher education will allow her to marry well. Tambu believes that her education will help her family, although she hopes it will be independent from marriage. Because of her desire... ...ch as white culture, and that some things are bad, such as African culture. However it can control both ways. Nyasha had to face being told that her culture was bad while in England so she conformed to the English culture however Nyashas father is now telltale(a) her that all her English ways are bad, both parties sought to educate Nyasha, and she did not bother to ask why. Finally I believe that Tambu would want raft to know that ones will to succeed can cause them to be able to triumph over circumstance. In this paper the quote from Nervous Conditions, Quietly, unob trusively and extremely fitfully, something in my mind began to assert itself, to question things, and to refuse to be brainwashed, bringing me to this time when I can set down this story has been analyzed to show how Tambudzai thought she was brainwashed. Also examined were the influences that Tambudzai had to overcome in order to refuse further brainwash. Finally we deducted what insight Tambudzai would offer to a person who was in her similar situation. Like Nyasha and Tambudzai, millions were negatively affected by colonialism not only because of the plundering, but because of the loss of their culture.

Nervous Conditions by Tsitsi Dangarembga Essay -- Nervous Conditions T

Nervous Conditions by Tsitsi DangarembgaQuietly, unobtrusively and extremely fitfully, something in my mind began to assert itself, to research things, and to refuse to be brainwashed The main character, Tambudzai, in the novel Nervous Conditions by Tsitsi Dangarembga, is determined to get a sinlessness education without losing her native tongue and ways. However this proves to be more difficult that she would yield and seeds that are planted in her mind by the whites begin to take shape, and greatly affect her existence. I will begin by giving an overview of the history leading up to the point where Tambu heads off to begin her education at the missionary school. Next I show how Tambu has already been brainwashed into believing that the whites educational system is better than her own. Following I will discuss the influences that Tambu had to overcome in order to refuse to be brainwashed only. at last I will give exam to the insight that Tambus story offers on the situation of a person in her position. Tambu, as we shall call her, wants genuinely badly to attain an education. Since her brother is the oldest and manlike he is given the first opportunity to attain an education. Because Tambu is a female it is thought by her family that attaining an education would not benefit her family, but some other man outside of her family, because she will marry, therefore she is not given an opportunity to be educated. Tambu fights this oppression by cultivating mealies in her grandmothers old garden, and then taking them to the city to be sold. While there she is told by a white woman that she should be in school, and her teacher who was with her states that Tambu would very much like an education but digest not afford it. The woman gives Tambu ten pounds which pays for her education at the local resolution school for a long time. Her brother then dies, creating a opening for a student from their family at the missionary school where her uncle Babamukuru is the headmaster. Since she has no more male siblings at the time it is okay for Tambu to be educated. Tambus education is now of some value since her brother is gone, as it will help pull the family further out of poverty since a higher education will allow her to marry well. Tambu believes that her education will help her family, although she hopes it will be independent from marriage. Because of her desire... ...ch as white culture, and that some things are bad, such as African culture. However it can work both ways. Nyasha had to face being told that her culture was bad turn in England so she conformed to the English culture however Nyashas father is now telling her that all her English ways are bad, both parties desire to educate Nyasha, and she did not bother to ask why. Finally I believe that Tambu would want people to know that ones will to succeed can cause them to be able to triumph over circumstance. In this paper the quote from Nervous Conditions, Quietly, unobtrusively an d extremely fitfully, something in my mind began to assert itself, to question things, and to refuse to be brainwashed, bringing me to this time when I can set down this story has been analyzed to show how Tambudzai thought she was brainwashed. Also examined were the influences that Tambudzai had to overcome in order to refuse further brainwash. Finally we deducted what insight Tambudzai would offer to a person who was in her similar situation. Like Nyasha and Tambudzai, millions were negatively affected by colonialism not only because of the plundering, but because of the loss of their culture.

Beowulf Questions Essay

1. Realize that this prologue introduces the Danes, not Beowulf or his people the Geats. What was unusual about the way guard came to be ruler of the Danes? What was his funeral like? What relation is Hrothgar to cuticle? Unlike Hrothgar, Shield became king because he had the ability to waste down the enemies. Hrothgar became king through wealth. When Shield died the Danes buried him and his treasures in the sea. Hrothgar happens to be Shields grandsonHeorot is Attacked (lines 86-188, pp. 34-36)1. Grendel, the monster, attached thirty warriors while they were a log Zs and ran home with their bodies for a couple of nights. This devastated the Danes and the sorrow soon feast overseas. What magnificent work did Hrothgar undertake? Who gusted it, and with what result? How long did the attacks last? What was the response of the Danes?The Hero Comes to Heorot (Lines 189-490, pp. 36-42)1. What does Beowulf do when he hears of Hrothgars problems with Grendel? When Beowulf hears of Hrothg ars problems with Grendel, he immediately round up a boat and his bravest men to go were there help was needed. (Denmark) 2. Whom do the Geats first meet when they arrive in Denmark? What does he do, and what do they do? When the Geats first arrive in Denmark, the meet Hrothgars lieutenant who was patrolling along the cliffs. He questi unmatchabled the Geats to figure out why they were there and warned them no one passes without liberty or a pas steel/sign. They past replied they were there to save the Danes from the monster.3. They next meet Hrothgars herald. Who is he? What does he ensure them? What does he tell Hrothgar? What does Hrothgar serve? argon you surprised that Hrothgar knows Beowulf so well? Hrothgars herald interrogates the Geats about where theyve come from and what theyre doing. Hes impressed by their mighty appearance. Hrothgar is excite the men are there to help which is strange because he doesnt know them to well yet is letting them on the land.4. What does Beowulf tell Hrothgar when he enters? What did Hrothgar do for Beowulfs father? Beowulf tells Hrothgar that his men follow Higlac. (King of Geats) Hrothgar k in the buff Beowulfs father because he was a famous soldier known as a stretcher of men.Feast at Heorot (Lines 491-661, pp. 42-46)1. What does Unferth accuse Beowulf of? How does Beowulf answer him? How is this episode relevant to the poem as a whole? What does Beowulf accuse Unferth of? Unferth accuses Beowulf of losing a swimming match and entrust once once again take for to have defeat with Grendel. Beowulf retaliates by accusing Unferth of drunkenness and describes what happen in the swimming match. This is relevant because Unferth may indeed be correct Beowulf would have met defeat again if it wasnt for Wiglaf.2. What is Queen Wealhtheow doing during the feasting?At the feast she claims drinks to all the men present. She distri savees food and drink, and also strives for goodwill and peace.The Fight with Grendel (Line s 662-835, pp. 46-49)1. Heroic poesy normally has a scene in which the hero arms for battle. What is different about Beowulfs preparations for his fight with Grendel? Beowulf prepares for battle differently than any former(a) lofty poetry scene. He doesnt do more than preparing. He is more anxious to get rid of the monster. He was prepared however to fight without a sword.2. What happens when Grendel enters Heorot? How does Beowulf fight with him? What happens when Grendel tries to leave? Does Grendel escape? What does he leave behind? When Grendel enters Heorot, he became furious searching for the warriors until he found them and kills one Geat. While fighting the monster, Beowulf uses his austere hands. Grendel does escape, however he somehow compositionaged to leave behind his arm. Celebration at Heorot (Lines 836-1250, pp. 49-60)1.When the Danes and Geats return from following Grendels tracks to the stainless, someone sings in Beowulfs presence, comparing him to Sigemund an d saying that he was not like Heremod (lines 883-914). How is Beowulf like Sigemund? How is he not like Heremod? (Be alert for inserted stories such as this one. Beowulf contains many of them, most much more complex that this one.) 2. How does Hrothgar act to Beowulfs deed? What does he offer to do for him? What does Unferth have to say now?3. The singer sings of Finn during the feasting (lines 1070-1158). The exact details of the Finn story are not clear, but in general, what happens? What does it suggest about the wisdom of using a woman as bride to heal enmity between tribes? 4. When the feasting resumes, what does Wealhtheow ask Hrothgar not to do? 5. Wealhtheow gives Beowulf a large, broad necklace. What later happens to it? What does Wealhtheow ask Beowulf to do? 6. why do so many men remain in the beer hall to sleep? Why is it a mistake?BEOWULF AND GRENDELS MOTHER (lines 1251-2199, pp. 60-79)Another Attack (lines 1251-1382, pp. 60-62)1.Why has Grendels fix come to Heorot? I s it the same reason Grendel had? Grendels mother comes to Heorot to seek revenge and take her sons claw back. 2. What is Hrothgars response? Whom has Grendels mother killed? Hrothgar was thankful that the Danes grief ended and the arm hanging was proof of victory. He hoped that Beowulf can s cover charge Grendels mother from destructing his town again. Grendels mother killed Hrothgars closest friend 3.What sort of place is the mere?The mere is was under the water. It was full of mud, water, and dark.Beowulf Fights Grendels Mother (Lines 1383-1650, pp. 63-68)1. How does Beowulf tell Hrothgar to respond?Beowulf agrees to fight again for the Danes. He feels it is an honor and the last battle made him a bit more confident to do it. 2. What happens at the mere before Beowulf enters it? Before Beowulf enters the mere, he sinks for hours going down in the water. 3. How does Beowulf prepare for the battle? What sword does he take with him? Beowulf prepared for battle by give tongue to Hro thgar what his wishes are if he may die. Beowulf took his ring-marked blade. 4. What happens when Beowulf enters the mere? What is surprising about where Grendel and his mother live in the mere? When he finally lands, Grendels mother grabs him, but his armor protects him. To me its not surprising that the monsters live in a dark place, however it is surprising that it takes half a day to get down there. 5. What happens to the sword Beowulf borrowed from Unferth?Beowulf strikes at Grendels mother with the borrowed sword, Hrunting, but the blade has no effect and breaks 6. At one point Beowulf is on the floor, with Grendels mother sitting on him and drawing her knife. How does Beowulf escape? Beowulf escapes Grendels mother by having the strength and faith to defeat her and using his strength to get off the ground.7. How does Beowulf kill Grendels mother? What weapon does he use? What happens when she dies? What does Beowulf take with him from her home? What happens to the sword he us ed to kill her? Beowulf drew a sword he seen hanging on her wall to cut right through her neck and break all her bones. After her death the light shone very bright. Beowulf beheaded Grendel and took it with him and half of what was left of the sword. (The other half was in Grendels mother) 8. What happens when Beowulf returns to the surface? Did his men expect him to return? When Beowulf returns from the surface nobody is there. They all had suspected that Grendels mother had killed him.Further Celebration at Heorot (Lines 1651-1798, pp. 68-71)1. What does Beowulf give to Hrothgar? 2. What message does Hrothgar have for Beowulf? What and why does he tell us about Heremod? Why and how did Heremod die? What lesson does Hrothgar teach with the Heremod example? 3. What does Beowulf give to Unferth as he leaves?Beowulf Returns Home (Lines 1799-2199, pp. 71-79)1. What future does Hrothgar predict for Beowulf? 2. Who is Hygd and why is she not like Modthryth? 3. Beowulf reports to Hygelac that Hrothgar may marry his daughter Freawaru to Ingeld. Why does he plan to do that? What does Beowulf expect the result will be? (Remember the Finn story, lines 1070-1158.) How does Beowulf think the peace will be broken? Is this the type of report we expected from the hero Beowulf, or are we seeing a new side of him? 4. How does Beowulf report about his own adventures? Does he report accurately? 5. What does Beowulf do with the treasure he was given? What does Hygelac give him?BEOWULF AND THE DRAGON (lines 2200-3182, pp. 79-99)The Dragon Wakes (lines 2200-2509, pp. 79-86)1.How much later does Part 2 take place? What kings have died in the meanwhile? What danger now exists? 2. Why is the dragon angry? Why did the man take a cup? How did the treasure come to be there in the first place? (The speech of the lone survivor, the one who put the aureate in the barrow, is in a typically Old English elegiac tone. 3. What did the dragon destroy that evening?4. Why does Beowulf think his ho me was burnt? Why does he order a new shield? How will he fight this battle? What will happen to him? 5. How did Hygelac die? (The description in lines 2354-2379 begins one of several versions of Geatish history and Hygelacs death we will get.) What did Beowulf do after Hygelacs death? What happened when he returned home? Did he accept Hygds offer to become king? 6. What happened to Hygelacs son Heardred? (Thats the story in lines 2380-2390.)How did Beowulf plan to revenge Heardreds death (lines 2391-2396)? 7. How many men accompany Beowulf as he goes to meet the dragon? Fourteen of Beowulfs bravest men accompany him to fight the dragon. 8. What happened to Hygelacs oldest brother Herebeald? Who killed him? What did this do to his father King Hrethel? (This passage, lines 2425-2509, is the second card of Geatish history and of the death of Hygelac.) What happened between the Swedes and Geats after Hrethels death? What happened to Haethcyn? How die Beowulf revenge Hygelacs death?Beo wulf Attacks the Dragon (Lines 2510-2820, pp. 86-92)1. What does Beowulf tell his companions to do?Beowulf tells his companions to stay on top of the barrow in safety, observing the fight rather than participating in it. 2. What happens the first time Beowulf and the dragon fight? What do his companions do? How is Wiglaf different? What does he tell the others? What does he then do? The first time Beowulf fights the dragon his brave companions flee the scene. With the exception of Wiglaf. He reminded the men they should have all repaid Beowulf then ran off to go help kill the dragon3. What happens the second time Beowulf meets the dragon? What happens to Beowulf? Who kills the dragon? Beowulfs sword fails and makes him humiliated/ afraid for his life. The dragon hits Beowulf with another(prenominal) blast of fire. Beowulf took the final swing but both men, Beowulf and Wiglaf, killed the dragon. 4. What does the dying Beowulf ask Wiglaf to do? What happens when Beowulf sees the gold? How does Beowulf want to be buried? Beowulf asks Wiglaf to get him the treasure so he may see it. Then Beowulf thanks God for getting rid of the dragon. He asks to be burned at the coastal headland and it be known as Beowulfs Barrow.Beowulfs Funeral (Lines 2821-3182, pp. 92-99)1. What happens when the companions return? What does Wiglaf say to him? What does he expect will happen in the future? Wiglaf tells them that they will now lead a shameful life, t would be better if they had died. 2. What does the messenger tell the city? (This passage, lines 2900-3027, is the third account of the history of the Geats and the death of Hygelac. These are the enemies that will attack the Geats when they learn of Beowulfs death.) What happened overnight in Ravenswood after Ongentheow killed Haethcyn? What happened the next morning? What happened to Ongentheow? What does the messenger say to do with the gold? What is the final image (animal) of the messengers speech? 3. What does Wiglaf tell the crowd that comes to see the dragon and Beowulf? 4. What happens to the dragon? 5. What happens during and after the funeral celebration? 6. What did the Geats say about Beowulf in the last three lines of the poem? Are these the terms one would expect to be used to describe a military hero?

European effect on American-Indian cultures and religion in the 17th century Essay

The historical emergence of Europeans during the seventeenth century was synonymous to providing fundamental wreak to the Ameri cigaret- Indian and especially the advanced England. This was evidence of the spectral rejuvenation that went across to these cultures as affected by the Europeans. Historically, the early European missionaries brought quite a full diversity of activity in the eastern parts of North America as at seventeenth century. However, wise England was peradventure the central point with which such influence was mostly affected.This was from the long activity of sacred autonomy campaign by the European with the Puritans who wanted to make a win to the Massachusetts, Wampanoags, the Nipmucks, and also the in the altogether France. Elsewhere, the Jesuits were in their dreary efforts of making a conversion to the nation of Huron. From the encounters of evaluation promulgated from these two races of ghostlike encounters, it is passively implied that the European missionaries had a substantial compound influence and expansion across the broad analysis of the European colony.This also led to an influential trades in the approach mechanism in which the Europeans through the French Jesuits as well as the English Puritans undertook to ignite religious influence in India. 1 Though the religious increment triggered to the New England by the Europeans in the 17th century have largely been outspoken by many scholars, Bruce Trigger came in the 18th century to re descriptor the phenomenal dispensation as prototyped by many old scholars. This is from the brisk findings in the fundamental kind between Jesuit-Huron in the Indians of the New England.Socio- economically, New England had its settlement based on primary social independence and families who were middledle farmers. They had an adherence to a report give in of nominal accreditation where their colonial autobiography was defined by the voluntaristic Puritanism to their conceptual purpos es. Historically, the seventeenth century European missionaries are credited to the creation of the more Godly confederation for the American Indian in New England.This is exampled by the protestation by the militant European groups in the Europe which sensitized a harmonious press out of living for the people with a call for one anothers Godly relationship and in pursuit of the nature laws. 1 However, the epochs of the people encompass Christianity was never a simple activity for the Indians who disagreed of the hefty Christianity exhortations by the European missionaries. However, their will to embracing Christianity would only be subject voted by the religious development into Christianity of such ordinary people within the Indians population in England.This culture was rigidly border to the people and that 90% of the total population in Massachusetts were largely obliged to such exemplary life led by the ordinary settlers. However, from 1616-1619, Wampanoag Indians started p roviding radical changes to their religious autonomy to start giving into a grander abstrusity of the Christianity philosophies and teachings brought by the Europeans. 2 The religious nobleman-ship of the American-Indians in the 17th century was credited to the worshipping of animals.However, the climax in of the European missionaries in the spread of Christianity was a benchmark in support for a revolution and the long held system of religious sacrifice by the people. The conception and religious importance held on animals as their gods also implies the benchmark and the stepping-stone for the start of King Philip War in the 17th century. To the American-Indians, animals were important source religious sanctity. Accordingly, the domestication of pigs and also cattle was a big historical malady in shaping the religious outcast and the takes of the Indians in the New England by the 17th century.The effect of these domesticated animals did not only result change in environmental conception where the other animals were hunted and killed above been moved in the forests to provide a humble environment for the pigs and also cows to adequately graze. The religious conception of these people in New England before the Europeans intervention in the 17th century was defined in parametric measures of the domesticated animals. These animals brought exorbitant changes to the land and its resource environment.Elsewhere, they had a capital religious impact where the peoples minds, police wagon and also their behavior changed considerably with the effect of the broad array of the effect brought by animals. Animals had a long held spiritual endowment. They provided sanctification to the people when they consumed them. However, these were traditions whose effect was to readily be uprooted by the incoming of the Europeans. The American-Indians in New England by 17th century had a description of Manitou for many animals such as foxes, deer, rabbits and the bears.New England had a great religious believe and adoration in which they described the nominal deities to even take the animal forms. They therefore had confused adorns to various symbolic images by received animals or even specific animal body part. Animals had a preferential significance of power and a brim of ornamental conception which netted the religious autonomy of the Indians in the New England in 17th century. In their folklores as well as Christian cosmologies, animals had a great figuration.For example, the Christ crucifixion consanguinity was commemorated by the red breasts of the robin. Elsewhere, bad luck was signified by crows as well as black cats. Again, the disturbing portents to the death were implied by the ravens, owls and pigeons. A change in weather was fundamentally depicted by swallows, dogs and pigs. 3 The pre-emergence of the Europeans in New England therefore was a companionate imagery of a long implied intuition which was in the nature proclaimed by animals.The re gular interaction with the animals by the Americans Indians was therefore allied to developing fortunes of human expectations in the correspondence of the various behavioural conceptions that were in these animals. Due to the religious implication and relationship with animals by these people, they had a greater diversity of imminent relationship with the animals than on a divine being. This is perhaps the reason behind their short run rejection of the Christianity by the European missionaries in the 17th century.The emergence of these Europeans was preaching on the believe in a divine supernatural being who was only implied through mere religious believe and adoration. To them, a believe in such a being operating beyond the framework of the physical environment was only a mythological imagery and could not act to provide such a strong religious and godlike foundation to what they had on animals. To the Europeans, a great transplantation of civilization echoed in New England. This was a formal compound of change in the speech formality of the old word, religious and also politics.The nature of the New England is historically described as getting its fundamental shape from the influence of the old world shape by the Europeans. through their implications, civilization and renaissance which was characterized by change in the religious, political and economic backgrounds was straightway changing to capture more coherent emplacement of living in New England. The emergence of Europeans in the New England was a concise drive to reformation where the ties bound by the pilgrim colonial was now to be abandoned.This was the foremost trend which fostered great sigh of changing New England primitivism. It was the impact of the shaping tool of protestant revolution hinged to the old and native European revolters that entered the New England. 8 The fatal implications of the Europeans in the England were the revolutionary landmark of renaissance which saw various structu res including religious and political autonomy. The surging Europeans in New England brought a great drive of religious awakening.They highly helped to break down the ties of the effect of colonization entrenched to many godly doctrines than a fundamental pursuit of economic autonomy. The so called the English Puritans were the injecting power in which the Indians got a favorable renaissance reshaping that even provided a better room for expansion into the broad old worlds system of identity. To the Europeans, waging spiritual life to the Indians in the New England was perhaps the most important go ahead step which was even to help see the state in a changing periphery.The intention of European missionary in New England was to transplant a divine worship system of Christianity which would capture various fundamental aspects such as praying, self studying as well as struggling against various remote evil inclinations to the nightclub. The essence of evangelism to the American-Indian s was to provide new grounds of spiritual conceptions on the Gods sovereignty in which it was seen as a tool for absconding the dogmatism fed to the traditional society of the chivalrous traditions.The essence of been a protestant was to move as per the codes of absolute standards and sovereignty as promulgated by the will of the God and not the dogmatic hint of false gods held by the Indians in worshipping animals. In a light spot, the religious awakening in believe of God among these people came into growth in the mid 1630s. This was a revolution and renaissance adjudication which was perhaps rejuvenating the traditionalism and the religious backwardness operating within the societal structures of American Indians. Basically, the European Puritans had a lot of religious conceptions to pass over to the people.At the late 1930s the New England old worlds conceptions were now changing with the people developing a opaque imagery and preconception of the divine God. The people were developing an essence of humanity build on will of immanent God. There was a revolution severeness in believe of such a supernatural being which even led to changing structures of the societal imagery to incorporate to a greater depth a mysterious preoccupation and believe of a wonderful God. The teaching of the puritans about God was that He was compelled of love with a low preoccupation of avenging as well as cruelty.The teachings by the European missionaries about God were standing to develop a fundamental strength. The American-Indians grasped the immanent sovereignty of such a God which gave them a special accord providence. The basic concept that would however draw them away from the will of such a divine God was the cause of sins which were the activities done by them and went against the will of this God. The emergence of Christianity in New England was however compounded by the influence of secular concerns. The people had precepts and contributions into farming home-bui lding, governance, practicing folks as well as trading.With the new strength of absorbing a believe in God, humans contentment through Godly pleasure was now get down to be a precious preoccupation amongst a diverse outlay of sources of pleasure. They turned to worshipping such vengeful God with deep characteristics of personal tenderness. With the changing believe and imageries on God, the people were starting to observe other structures such as economy and also state governance as facets proclaimed by the ascendence and will of God. This engineered revolutionary autonomy in both civil as well as civil factors within the New England.Through this outlay, the Indians started to reshape their thought about the conception on the Gods will for the state of governance and state leadership as shadowed to strong believers. From this new development in the societal conception, the inhabitants of Massachusetts Bay had the establishment of a theocratic site for Puritans which would even he lp to strengthening the spread and development of Christianity within the community at a faster status. This was the first trading corporation held in England and whose administration was only supposed to specific personalities proclaimed of having a strong stumper of religious authority.However in 1645, political crisis developed to subdivide the New England into two. Those who proclaimed the foundation of Christianity and those who did not. However, in a speech by Winthrop in 1645, the state religious believe was liberal and capturing two outlooks the natural conception which was the state of the old believe of the natural god and the federal which was personal liberty of figure out his/her religious imageries. The natural liberty provided ones choice on either well or even evil. Through this believe, one was to continue maturation evil.However, the federal was a preconception aimed at creating honesty and good. 5 Analytically, the European Puritanism had two impacts of develo pment in New England. These were both orthodoxy as well as nonconformity. The orthodoxy implication had its development throughout the whole 17th century which was a controversial development on the state of reformation to protestant. The nonconformity concept was alleged to the influence of religious development to the impact of preventing conscience liberty to think and do as peoples wishes.Generally, the emergence of the European Puritans in the New England was a crucial preoccupation which provided a yard for change in the social structures in England. The philosophical dogmatism held in the modalities of state leadership and governance, religion, economic standard was now given an important boost through the changes in the peoples conception about the divine relationship with God. Various philosophical theories of statements such as absolutism were now eroded. Accordingly, the state of governance in the state was modeled from the changing perceptions prototyped from the states of religious autonomy from the people.The New England was in a state of revolution with a model for social revolutions and compactness driving the society before outdoing the prehistoric sediments which were compounded mythologies about the state of the cosmos and the universe. Through the new gazing fundamental conceptions, the people were now developing new formalities of society governance where the society would engage in the broad governance as opposed to the role of absolutist king who dwelt in the control of the society.The state of the society was now beginning to reshape in the manner with which social contracts were now beginning in the development from their status of natural state of liberty as well as the regulation by the civil society. Therefore, European missionaries can be described as providing an elaborate tool for revolution, renaissance and changing social status in which the old world mythological conception of the society was getting a reawakening to newer and a more development conscious stakeholder-ship. The government and development structures of the New England are absolutely rooted to what Europeans did for it

Disciplinary Process †Case Study Essay

No written warnings in Sams personal employee files.There were no orb notes kept in Sams file in regards to writ of execution reviews.No disciplinary sees or hearings prior to Sams dismissal secret code documented timelines for reviews of Sams improvement or progress.No exercise reviews or development inventions presented by employer.Sam was dismissed from employment as at that place was a claim Sam had struck her manager. No investigation into Sam striking Manager Nil Evidence.Sam should shed had formal meetings discussing her poor performances. none noted in her files.Coaching and Mentoring should have been offered and a time line drawn up and put into place.The manager should have notified Supervisor immediately after(prenominal) the alleged physical abuse.The organisation should have kept copies of Sams Medical certificates.B,WHAT THE ORGANISATION SHOULD HAVE BEEN DOING FOR IT TO HAVE SUCCESSFULLYDEFENDED ITS POSITION AGAINST SAMS CLAIM OF UNFAIR DISMISSAL.Kept formal no tes in Sams file about formal performance reviews and meetings that have taken place.Sam should have had written/formal warnings that have been issue to her.Sam should have had meetings with Human Resource Managers for performance improvement. Including evidence of training coaching or mentoring. result up reviews regarding training etc.The manager that claimed Sam had hit her should have filed a report with supervisor, not waiting until Sam had called in sick before reportage the matter.This claim should have been fully investigated by the organisation and the outcome documented.3WHAT WOULD HAVE BEEN THE CORRECT WAY TO TERMINATE SAM IN ACCORDANCE WITH levelheaded AND ORGANISATIONAL REQUIREMENTS?To give employees 3 written formal warnings to improve performance.For employee to have received reasonable time and support to improve performance.After the alleged attack on manager from same, a full investigation taken place. If evidence is clear of a crime, the investigation should be handed over to the police.In section 17 of the Fair Trading Work Act The organisation is required to provide an employee a notice of termination in writing.In Sams case, In order to terminate correctly, all processes including non-performances through to support measures and follow up action should have been documented, before termination.RISK ANALYSIS OF THE CASE AND STRATEGIES TO MITIGATE approaching RISKSIdentified Risk Strategy to Mitigate RiskEmployee continually under performingProvide on Job training, coaching and mentoring. Support for underperforming employees with time lines, opportunities for improvement. scripted warnings where there is no improvement.Compensation claim through Fair Work Australia successfulPerformance management, misconduct and dismissal strategies to be implemented and communicated to entire organisation. Follow up on procedures.Employee lodge unfair dismissal claim with Fair Work AustraliaEnsure organisation has all evidence and documentation requir ed to constitute a claim.MISCONDUCT MAY BE DEEMED TO EXIST WHEREAn employee has been previously warned about a particular behaviour.That an employee is aw atomic number 18 of misconduct.Where an employee has purposely breached guidelines or challenged direct instructions from supervisors. numerate ANY LEGISLATION THAT APPLIES TO THE SITUATION PRESENTED IN CASE STUDYUnfair Dismissal legislation applies to most employees working in paid employment in Australia.In this case, the employee may have physical abused another, and this might come under criminal law as assault.TypePolicysProcedureMonitoringRegular dates for reviews. To monitor performance, ensuring effectiveness and employees are able to obtain support to achieve performance levels.Upon commencement of employment. The expected performance standards and KPIs are communicated and agreed. Performance reviews 6 monthlyPerformance reviewAll performance reviews are standard and at regular intervals and all information is documente d in employees files. Both employee and supervisor sign review agreementKeep employees files up to date. Performance reviews need to have sign off sheets attached to review notes. For Employees with ample responsibilities, management need do follow ups regularlyWHAT DOCUMENTS DO WE NEED TO BE DEVELOPED FOR THE ORGANISATION TO EVIDENCE THAT IS HAS IMPLEMENTED A PROCESS TO promote NON-PERFORMING EMPLOYEESSign off sheets for the employee and employer to sign after reviews.Note page for recording meeting minutes of performance meetings, where non-performance was identified.A document for recording action plan example- what actions are taken to support the employee, this template should also include dates, milestones and deadlines.A template for the issue of warnings and notice of termination.DESCRIPTION OF HOW ALL STEPS OF THE PERFORMANCE polish PROCESS AND DISCIPLINARY HEARING PROCESS SHOULD BE PERFORMED AS PER LEGAL REQUIREMENTS AND THE ORGANISATIONAL POLICIES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED.W hat should have been done at each stage?Performance meeting and review should have been held and documented.Review the progress, timelines and support to same in order to assist with performance.Training support and counselling should be offered, provided and documented.A second performance review meeting, at a set date, all documented.If progress not satisfactory, a written warning to be issued. Documented and also a reproduction of warning letter in file.Further training counselling and support.If after a considerable amount of time there has been no improvementAnd performance is still unsatisfactory a notice of termination could have been issued in writing and given to employee.The termination notice must provide notice to employee.WHEN AND WHERE assist FROM HR SPECIALISTS WOULD HAVE BEEN APPROPRIATE.HR should have been notified straight away of Sams poor performance.This meeting should have been documented.WHAT SUPPORT SERVICES COULD HAVE BEEN DEPLOYED IN SAMS CASE?Formal trai ningNew mentor or coachCounselling sessionsAll support should have been documented as evidence that she was given supportWHAT DOCUMENTATION WOULD HAVE APPROPRIATE AT EACH STAGEAll meetings, training, reviews, coaching and warnings should have been documented.

Critique for the Potentials, Network, Motivations, and Barriers: Steps Towards Participation in Social Movements

Critique for the Potentials, Network, wants, and Barriers Steps towards participation in social movements. The quartette factors to form social movement are mobilisation capabilitys, forming and activating recruiting lucres, raising the want to participate and overcome the barriers of participation. Becoming a participant also required four different steps becoming part of the mobilization potential, becoming local anaestheticize of the mobilization attempts, becoming motivated to participated and overcome the barriers to participate.To define the mobilization potential, the term referred to the community who take a positive attitude to the social movement. Attitudes consist of essence and goals toward the movement. With the respect toward means, the term is related to the willingness to become engaged in conventional forms of political behavior, the protest potential in abbreviation. With the respect toward the goals, the concept is related to obvious political potential w hich means a group of people with a common identity and sharing the common goals. People who are not twisty in the mobilization potential wont consider participating in the movement activities.To formulate the recruitment network and the mobilization attempts. Despite the mobilizing consensus and the mobilization potential, if these factors cant be tie-uped to the recruitment network, the mobilization wont be realized. The networks identifies whether the people became the target of mobilization attempts. People can be target by the mobilization attempts by media, mail, relationships with organizations and friends. Different routes get a different influence on people. The significance of friendships r each(prenominal)ing potential participants has been emphasized in many researches.The third factor is the pauperization to participate. The pauperism is defined as the function of the perceived costs and the benefits of participation. Two different kinds of incentives are identifie d as the collective incentives and the selective incentives. With the respect to the collective incentives, a multiplicative relationship is assumed between the value of the collective goods and the expectancy of the success. With the respect of the collective incentives, the tardily or social incentives are important in determining the willingness to participate while the effect of the hard or nonsocial incentives is ambiguous.Such incentives appeared different effects in different environment. Since the movements must communicate to the potential participants to which extent the incentives are controlled by the movement, the mobilization of consensus is also a key part of this stage. The fourth factor is the barriers to participation. Motivation and barriers interact to active participation. The to a greater extent people are motivated, the higher barrier they can overcome. Maintaining or increasing motivation or removing barriers are the two strategies for the movement.The phy sical composition gave the data on all the four steps of the mobilization campaign for the peace demonstration in The Hague in 1983 which is the largest demonstration the Netherlands had ever experienced. The creators conducted surveys before and after(prenominal) the demonstration in sake to analyze the participation behavior. In the survey, the mobilization potential, mobilization target, motivations, participation, attitudes, incentives, participation barriers, leftism of party vote and demographics of the participant name been measured. In each of the process toward the final demonstration considerable amount of people drop out.Not being the target of the mobilization attempts, unable to overcome the barriers, could not arouse the motivation to participate lead to the drop out situation. The author analyzes those factors carefully in the idea to explain the result. The first step is the mobilization potential. Authors compared the age, gender, education, vote behavior, and a ttitudinal factors to analyze the people whether belong to the mobilization or not. With the respect to the demographics, olds and people who votes for the right party range not belong to the mobilization potential.People from the mobilization potential were more than use up about and fight against about the missile deployment and sign a petition to against the deployment. The two groups show no difference on the possibility to control the fortify race no matter in which way this would be achieved. The political preference is also a factor influence the motivation potential. People who deterrent outside the mobilization potential of movement against the missile were mostly from the right wing. The entire left wing of the Dutch society was the part of the motivation potential.The author also found that the people who did not belong to the motivation potential got higher education level which is contradict to previous study. In conclusion, the mobilization potential of the moveme nt covered a wide range of social categories rather than restricted to categories thought to be typical of the mobilization potentials of new social movements wish well new middle class, well-educated professionals and youth. The second step is to become the target of the mobilization attempts. Whether a person has formal or informal consociates with local peace movement is used to test whether person have been the target of mobilization attempt.Most of the mobilization potentials were reached by mobilization attempts by formal networks like go steady peace stand, reading newspapers or reached by organizations. Individual with several or even many acquaintances who tend to go to the demonstration are defined as have an informal recruitment network to the movement. Only 30% of the respondent got several informal links. The ratio of the mobilization potential has no link, formal link or informal link with the peace movement networks are quite the same at around 20%. 40% of the peop le got both kinds of link to the movement.This indicates that people who belonged to the mobilization potential had been as frequently targets of mobilization attempts as people outside the mobilization potential. People outside the potential have more formal links than the people within the potential. But with fewer informal links doesnt prevent the government organization to approach these people. Gender factors have no independent effect on the links to government networks. Highly educated people appeared to create new mobilization potentials because they connected to the social network engaged in recruitment more.Informal networks are far more important than the formal unrivaleds in arousal of the motivation to participate. The third step is the motivation to participate. The motivation depends on the specific blend of costs and benefits perceived. With the respect of the collective incentives, in this demonstration, none of the respondent was optimistic about the outcome. In t his protection, the potential participants estimated the number of participants more than the nonparticipant did, this is contradict to the finding that people tend to participate more if they expect others will do so as well.But in certain conditions, people tend to participate less when they believe other people will. With the respect of the selective cost and benefit, knowing more people will increase the tendency one goes to the demonstration. The nonsocial cost of the demonstration is low. In the regression analysis, the result shows that the collective incentives were more important than the selective incentives in determining the motivation to participate. Due to the depressed sample size, the stage of overcome the barriers to participate cannot be explain.Previous papers have explained the nonparticipation in many points of views. Free rider problem has been used to explain the nonparticipation phenomena. In some past research, free rider theory has been used to explain the non-participation. In this research, the author explains the non-participation by the four steps towards the participation. This paper also reveals that the attitudes toward to goal were important determinant of willingness to participate.The network and ideological incentives are another important factor affect peoples participation decision. In this paper, the author gives four stages to explain why people would like to participate in social movement or not. The issue the author does not mention a toilet is the institutional factors. How the institution can courage people to participate the movement and how they can control the movement can be studied. The problem in the paper is the sample size may be a little too small. This may cause some statistical problem during the research.

10 Things I Hate About You

Many characterisations follow the typical Hollywood pattern, that is, they provide no greater meaning, no deeper purpose, than solely to entertain. However, this is not the case, as shown in 10 Things I Hate About You, directed by Gil Junger. The movie explores important ideas and themes, such as, the role of women in the 21st century, peoples judgments and the power that Shakespe atomic number 18an symbols hold. The movie breaks down the idea of the liberated woman of the 21st century. This is shown throughout the movie, but one main example is when the script-writer surprises us when we learn computerized tomographys footing for being an anti-emotional person.Scene 20 portrays the transformation in qats life when her emotional poem reveals her love for Patrick. During the poem Kat surrenders to Patrick by crying in front of the class and admitting that mostly I dis worry the way I dont hate you, shows, through the use of a paradox, that Kat wants to hate Patrick but cant. By using the repetition of a strong word like hate throughout the poem to make the once vinegarish word sound like a polite word used to describe ones love. The movie also highlights that Patrick can control her. This is shown when Patrick gives Kat a guitar to make up for what he did.Patrick shows us that he knows that he has the power to control her, by saying Theres ceaselessly drums, and bass, and mayhap even one day a tambourine. Junger employs the use of shot/reverse shot modify to show Patricks reaction towards Kat when she is reading her poem. During editing Junger purposely makes the last shot in the scene longer to show Patrick and allow the viewers to process and think rough what just happened. Another liberate that is raised is about the stereotypical role of women in the 21st century is whether a woman needs a man to feel complete.This is suggested because the movie ends with everyone in a relationship. Also Kat says that she is an individual and does not like any mal es that go to her school. She later starts a relationship with Patrick, who goes to her school. This shows Kats transformation. The ending suggests to teenagers that to be normal you need to be in a relationship. The movie has an underlying message about being judgemental. Junger uses the setting of the school because during high school is when we are most judgmental.When we first see Kat, Bianca, Cameron, Patrick, Joey and Michael we are judgmental towards them. We judge them on the way they dress, speak, present themselves and by where they live. We as viewers watch Michael as he shows Cameron all the different groups in the school. We too as viewers of the movie are judgmental of Kat and Bianca. We first view the animated title and impute while girly euphony is playing, we than go into an establishing shot where we see the upper class suburb, with freshly mowed lawns , people walking their dogs, and flash cars.Bianca and her friends pull up at the matter-of-fact crossing they are bouncing along to the music, this symbolises the normal fun-loving teenager. Then Kat comes along, in her beat up car. When the camera goes into a medium shot of her, the music changes into angry girl music, I dont give a dam about my bad reputation. Bianca waits for the pedestrians to cross before continuing, but Kat drives through without waiting. This apposition immediately makes us judge Bianca and Kat.The juxtaposition continues at school, when Cameron first sees Bianca, Junger uses non-diegetic sound creating moods which affect the viewer it makes us believe that she is innocent. The use of juxtaposition makes us judge Kat and Bianca to the extreme thinking theyre not related in fact theyre sisters The use of Shakespearian symbols explores important ideas and themes, masking the deeper purpose of the movie to deliver a Shakespearean message to teenagers. Throughout the movie there are lots of references to Shakespeare, giving clues on the inspiration of the film.A intim ation that the movie is delivering a Shakespearean message is when the English teacher, Mr Morgan, raps a Shakespearean sonnet. This immediately makes it appealing to teenagers. Another suggestion is the use of words that are stereotypically Shakespearean. one example is when Cameron first sees Bianca and Cameron describes how he feels I burn, I pine, I perish. Using these Shakespearean words gives teenagers a better understanding of what they mean. There are many references throughout the movie to Shakespeares life.Included in this is Bianca and Kats last name, Stratford, is a reference to Shakespeares birthplace, Stratford-Upon-Avon. The schools Shakespearean architecture castle like design is a visual reference. We are shown the design of the school at the beginning through the use of a crane shot. In scene 12, when Cameron and Michael displace Patrick to sacrifice his dignity to balance things, Michael uses Shakespearean language. This turns teens off, but when Patrick replies with hey, dont say shit like that, people can hear you, brings the humour into the Shakespearean message. 10 Things I Hate About You is not just another teen movie. It is a teen movie with a deeper message, a message about life. It addresses how women were perceived in the 50s, how teens dont like Shakespearean language and how we are judgemental to people when we first see them. The movie includes posters in the classroom that makes us question out actions in life The first and worst of all frauds is to cheat oneself and What is popular is not always right what is right is not always popular

Book Review Psychology Theology Spirituality in Christian Counseling

Prof. Mark R. McMinn, Ph. D. , at Wheaton College Graduate School in Wheaton, Illinois, directs and teaches in the Doctor of Psychology program. A representative in Clinical Psychology of the American Board of Professional Psychology, McMinn has thirteen geezerhood of postdoctoral experience in counseling, psychotherapy, and mental testing.McMinn have authored some in truth useful books to his credit these include The Jekyll/Hyde Syndrome Controlling Inner Conflict through Authentic Living Cognitive Therapy Techniques in Christian instruction Making the opera hat of Stress How Lifes Hassles Can Form the Fruit of the Spirit and Christians in the Crossfire (written with James D. Foster). Book review Psychology Theology and Spirituality in Christian Counseling Mark McMinn evidently accomplished his aim through the book Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling. That is, he has sketched the definitions, similarities, and differences amid these three overlying su bjects for his readers, specifically Christian counselors, pastors, and students. Keeping in view the deviating thoughts on these issues, everyone will not agree with his explanations. Nor will they conform where he sketches the lines of overlap. And perhaps even less with his stance on incorporation or non-integration of these three subjects. Dr. McMinn uses relational cognitive therapy from a Christian perspective. All psychotherapies begin with particular worldview theoriestypically a complex amalgam of acquisition and metaphysics.A Christian theology hypothesize that God created and loves human, and all features of our world are stained by the influences of sinning, and that God is energetic in curing and renovating that which is broken. From a Christian perception, Relational cognitive therapy can be used with a large range of clients, irrespective of their theological thoughts. The aim is not theological relationship, barely psychological growth and spiritual know takege. L ike all psychotherapies, this approach begins with certain worldview theory that may influence clients beliefs and norms in psychotherapy.These worldview theories should be revealed to clients early in therapy during the informed favorable reception process. This therapy can be used with a broad range of clients, but not by a broad range of therapists. Therapists use this method lead to have preparation in cognitive and relational therapies as well as an obvious consideration of a Christian worldview. After many years of providing psychotherapy and studying the scientific literature on its effectiveness, I am convinced that good therapy works because it is a place that emulates grace.It is a place of acceptance and mercy, a place where sin and the consequences of sin can be handly explored without the fear of judgment. This frees people to look honestly at themselves, to become more open in their other relationships, and to move forward into richer and deeper connections with tho se they love. A place of grace needs to be a place of open exploration and acceptance, where both sin and the consequences of sin can be named and grieved. (McMinn, 2004, p. 49) This book provides counselors the up to date techniques, theory, and general knowledge that is important to their field.This book explains the vitality of the spiritual subjects in psychotherapy. It assists counselors to put together the biblical principles of rescue, plea, mercy, recompense, and prayer into their counseling tactics. Generally masses are more theological than psychologists, so it is rational to anticipate that clients more probably will father up theological ideas in therapy. Irrespective of the therapists individual theological and spiritual beliefs, it is significant to have a fundamental perception of major theological worldviews in order to comprehend clients faith perspectives.Secondly, many people in psychological pain seek the assistance of clergy rather than psychologists. As man y as 40% of realistic counseling clients look for help from clergy, and only a minimal percentage of these are recommended to mental health professionals. (McMinn & Dominguez, 2005) Thirdly, psychologists have displayed scientific interest in spirituality in last years, and have explored points of conflation in the languages of science and faith.(Tangney & Dearing, 2003) One comparatively undiscovered area in psychology has to do with the Christian bodily structure of sin. This scripture proposes that all humans are stained and injured by misbehavior of their own and of others. A few psychologists and psychiatrists have endeavored into this area, such as Menninger (1973), Mowrer (1960), and McMinn (2004), but majorly psychologists have not thought about the concept of sin in human understanding and behavior.In the most initial treatment procedure, the patient starts to use rowing like good and bad, and it is our inclination as therapists to minimize the concentration of these wor ds since they are relevant to a value system within the individual which has led to the current state of stress. We have jointly done an excellent job of minimizing the demonstration of good and bad and a very poor job of modify these theories with satisfactory explanations which permit the personal self-acceptance and peace. (Graham, 1980, pp.370371) This book is not a biblical psychology text (it is not a theology of the human soul), infect it neer was projected to be such. Nor is it a history of spirituality (again, not its purpose). Nor is it a tactic for daily practice. Its capability, to sketch the concerns that one must think through when considering the possible relation of these disciplines, is its core importance. Therefore it is function as a catalyst. References Graham, S. R. (1980). Desire, belief, and grace A psychotherapeutic paradigm.Psychotherapy Theory, Research and Practice, 17, 370371. McMinn, M. R. (2004). Why sin matters The surprising relationship between o ur sin and Gods grace. Wheaton, IL Tyndale House. McMinn, M. R. , & Dominguez, A. D. (Eds. ). (2005). Psychology and the church. Hauppauge, NY Nova Science. Menninger, K. (1973). Whatever became of sin? New York Hawthorn Books. Mowrer, O. H. (1960). Sin, the lesser of two evils. American Psychologist, 15, 301304. Tangney, J. P. , & Dearing, R. L. (2003). Shame and guilt. New York Guilford Pres

Chinese education: Then and Now Essay

Education in China began with the Chinese classic texts, rather than organized religion. The early Chinese state depended upon literate, educated officials for operation of the empire, and an imperial examination system was established in the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220) for evaluating and selecting officials. This merit-based system gave elevator to schools that taught the classics and continued in use for 2,000 years, until the end the Qing Dynasty, and was abolished in 1911 in favour of Western education methods (Global union Commitment).New approaches to education were encouraged after 1977, after a long period of nothing being done with the growth of education and science. It was in 1985, that school reform was implemented. Schooling was for nine years, with academic motion having priority over political consciousness. Education comes in two categories general and specific.The former includes the regular college, younger college, vocations secondary school and middle school le vels, and the latter includes elimination of illiteracy rural practical engine room training, on-the-job training, education for single-discipline qualification certificates, education for vocational certificates and postgraduate continued education (Asian Info).

Approaches to Psychology Essay

The psychoanalytic approach was started and developed mainly in Europe between 1900 and 1939 by Sigmund Freud, a Viennese doctor who specialized in neurology. As a doctor, he became interested in the field of hysteria the manifestation of tangible symptoms without physical causes and became convinced that unconscious mental causes were responsible, and could be responsible for all mental disorders and even our personality.He created the hypothesis of personality, and based his conceptions upon intensive case studies of a considerable range of patients, especially his infamous study on small(a) Hans, a young boy who Freud carried out psychoanalysis upon. Bowlby (1946) applied Freuds theories when he apply psychoanalysis on a large group of small fryren with various ages on a study of accustomed delinquency. The central emphasis is on dynamic, biological processes especially those taking place in the unconscious mind, and involves the idea of psychic determinism, i.e. Freudia n slips. Freud said that we all prepare instinctual drives wishes, desires, needs, or demands, which are hidden and suppressed from the sentience because society disapproves of their open expression. Freud proposes three main components of the mind the id, the ego and the superego. The id operates on the pleasure principle and its oddment is immediate gratification and reduction of tension caused by irrational impulses. The ego operates on the reality principle, and controls the id in its reaction with the world.The superego operates on the idealisation principle, with norms and values of society being internalised. According to this approach, we all undergo psychosexual stages oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital which gradually motivate the individual to focus on the libido, and can be relate with the Oedipus complex. The libido is described as psychic energy behind primary drives of hunger, aggression, sex and irrational impulses. Fixation at any of these stages can le ad to deportment in our adulthood reflecting earlier stages of our childhood, which are caused by exposed conflicts.For example, fixation at the oral stage can cause adult behaviour that is centred on the mouthpiece (eating, smoking, etc. ) The purpose of psychoanalysis was as a therapy to treat mental disorder by way of life of treating the unconscious mind. The methods that Freud used for investigating the unconsciousness were by means of case studies, and deep analysis and interpretation. exhaust association involves the uninhibited expression of thought association, no matter how bizarre or embarrassing, from the client to the analyst. aspiration analysis involves the analyst attempting to decode the symbols and unravel the hidden meaning (the latent content) of a dream from the idealists report (the manifest content). Freud used his theory to explain a number of topics. He explained that the growing of personality came from fixations or defence mechanisms, and that aggre ssion was caused by hydraulic drives and displacement. Abformity was seen as the consequence of earlyish traumas and repression, which subsequently could impair our moral and gender development, the latter being the result of the Oedipus complex.The psychoanalytic approach has been greatly influential within psychology, in areas such as psychotherapy and developmental theories, and also beyond in art, literature and other sciences, some 100 years since Freud premiere developed his ideas. His theory has had some experimental support in certain areas, such as repression and fixation. Freud introduced the world to the concept of the unconscious, and regarded his case studies like Little Hans and Anna O as firm empirical support for his theory.He thought his belief in determinism and expound collection of data were scientific, yet many psychologists today argue that his theories and ideas are alike biological, that is that they rely too much on the influence of basic instincts and physical drives. Most of Freuds ideas and concepts came from only a smattering of results on the study of children. Freud could have allowed his own prejudices to shape his analysis, leading to no objective measures. His close interventions and feedback to the childs family could have changed the childs behaviour and that of its family.Psychoanalysis lacks rigorous empirical support, especially regarding normal development, and leads to reductionism, i. e. it reduces human activity to a basic set of structures, which cant account for behaviour. Freuds ideas have been accused of being irrefutable, and are therefore theoretically unscientific. A nonher approach to psychology is the behaviourist approach, which concentrates on the theory of learning and behavioural therapy, and tries to explain behaviour in terms of its relation to environmental events (stimuli), quite than any innate factors.The view that behaviour should be the sole subject matter of psychology was first advanced b y the American psychologist John B. Watson in the early 1900s. His position came to be called behaviourism. He believed that psychologists could not afford to speculate upon the unobservable inner workings of the mind, since they are too private to be analyse scientifically. For the behaviourist, much of their research focuses on objectively observable behaviour, rather than any internal process. The approach proposes that behaviour is radical, and that it is caused and maintained in this way.

Chapter 34 Priori Incantatem

Wormtail approached blight, who scramble to find his feet, to support his own weight before the ropes were untied. Wormtail raised his new silver hand, pulled out the stopple of material gagging chafe, and then, with superstar swipe, cut through the bonds tying gravel to the gravestone.There was a split second, perhaps, when evoke might see conside ruddy running for it, but his inju going leg shook under him as he stood on the all everywheregrown grave, as the goal Eaters closed ranks, forming a tighter rophy some him and Voldemort, so that the gaps where the miss Death Eaters should gravel stood were filled. Wormtail walked out of the circle to the place where Cedrics body lay and returned with harrys threshold, which he lunge most into provokes hand without looking at him. Then Wormtail resumed his place in the circle of watching Death Eaters.You have been taught how to duel. harry Potter? said Voldemort softly, his red eyes glinting through the darkness.At thes e speech communication devil remembered, as though from a former life, the dueling club at Hogwarts he had att final stageed briefly ii years ago.All he had learned there was the Disarming Spell, Expelliarmusand what use would it be to deprive Voldemort of his truncheon, level if he could, when he was surrounded by Death Eaters, outnumbered by at least thirty to one? He had neer learned anything that could possibly fit him for this. He knew he was facing the thing against which dreary had always warnedthe unblockable Avada Kedavra flagellum and Voldemort was right his mother was non here to die for him this time.He was quite unsafe.We bow to each other. bother, said Voldemort, bending a little, but keeping his snakelike facial gesture confused to get at. Come, the niceties must be observed.Dumbledore would like you to show human raceners.Bow to death, bother.The Death Eaters were laughing again. Voldemorts unlipped mouth was smiling. elicit did non bow. He was non going to allow Voldemort play with him before cleanup spot himhe was not going to give him that satisfaction.I said, bow, Voldemort said, raising his wand and Harry mat up his spine curve as though a huge, invisible hand were bending him ruthlessly forward, and the Death Eaters laughed harder than ever.Very good, said Voldemort softly, and as he raised his wand the pressure bearing down pat(p) upon Harry lifted too. And this instantadays you face me, like a manstraight- keystoneed and proud, the way your father died.And now we duel.Voldemort raised his wand, and before Harry could do anything to defend himself, before he could even move, he had been gather again by the Cruciatus Curse. The irritation was so intense, so all-consuming, that he no longer knew where he was.White-hot knives were penetrating every inch of his skin, his head was surely going to burst with agonyfulness, he was screaming more loudly than hed ever screamed in his life And then it stopped. Ha rry rolled everywhere and scrambled to his feet he was chill as uncontrollably as Wormtail had done when his hand had been cut off he staggered sideways into the mole of watching Death Eaters, and they pushed him onward, back toward Voldemort.A little break, said Voldemort, the slit-like nostrils dilating with excitement, a little pauseThat hurt, didnt it. Harry? You dont want me to do that again, do you?Harry didnt practise. He was going to die like Cedric, those pitiless red eyes were telling him sohe was going to die, and there was nothing he could do approximately itbut he wasnt going to play along. He wasnt going to obey Voldemorthe wasnt going to demand.I asked you whether you want me to do that again, said Voldemort softly. Answer me ImperioAnd Harry felt, for the third time in his life, the hero that his mind had been wiped of all thought.Ah, it was bliss, not to think, it was as though he were floating, visioningjust answer nosay nojust answer no.I will not, said a stronger voice, in the back of his head, I wont answer.Just answer no.I wont do it, I wont say it.Just answer no.I WONTAnd these words burst from Harrys mouth they echoed through the graveyard, and the dream state was lifted as suddenly as though cold water had been thrown over him back rushed the aches that the Cruciatus Curse had left all over his body back rushed the identification of where he was, and what he was facing.You wont? said Voldemort quietly, and the Death Eaters were not laughing now. You wont say no? Harry, devotion is a virtue I need to teach you before you die.Perhaps another little dose of pain?Voldemort raised his wand, but this time Harry was limit with the reflexes born of his Quidditch training, he flung himself sideways onto the terms he rolled behind the marble headstone of Voldemorts father, and he perceive it crack as the curse missed him.We are not playing deal-and-seek, Harry, said Voldemorts soft, cold voice, wee-weeing nearer, as the Death Eaters laughed. You cannot hide from me. Does this mean you are tired of our duel? Does this mean that you would prefer me to finish it now, Harry? Come out, Harrycome out and play, thenit will be quickit might even be painlessI would not knowI have never died.Harry crouched behind the headstone and knew the end had come. There was no hopeno help to be had. And as he heard Voldemort draw nearer still, he knew one thing only(prenominal), and it was beyond fear or reason He was not going to die crouching here like a child playing hide-and-seek he was not going to die kneeling at Voldemorts feethe was going to die upright like his father, and he was going to die trying to defend himself, even if no defense was possible.Before Voldemort could thwart his snakelike face around the headstone. Harry stood uphe gripped his wand tightly in his hand, thrust it out in front of him, and threw himself around the headstone, facing Voldemort.Voldemort was ready. As Harry shouted, Expelliarmus Vo ldemort cried, Avada KedavraA jet of viridity light issued from Voldemorts wand just as a jet of red light blasted from Harrys they met in midair and suddenly Harrys wand was vibrating as though an electric charge were surging through it his hand seized up around it he couldnt have released it if hed wanted to and a minute beam of light connected the both wands, neither red nor green, but bright, deep gold. Harry, following the beam with his astonished gaze, dictum that Voldemorts long fair fingers too were gripping a wand that was shiver and vibrating.And then nothing could have prepared Harry for this he felt his feet lift from the ground. He and Voldemort were both being raised into the air, their wands still connected by that string up of shimmering golden light. They glided away from the tombstone of Voldemorts father and then came to rest on a berth of ground that was clear and free of graves.The Death Eaters were shouting they were asking Voldemort for instructi ons they were windup in, reforming the circle around Harry and Voldemort, the snake slithering at their heels, some of them drawing their wands The golden describe connecting Harry and Voldemort splintered though the wands remained connected, a thousand more beams arced high over Harry and Voldemort, crisscrossing all around them, until they were enclosed in a golden, dome-shaped web, a cage of light, beyond which the Death Eaters circled like jackals, their cries strangely subdue now.Do nothing Voldemort shrieked to the Death Eaters, and Harry saw his red eyes broad(a) with astonishment at what was happening, saw him fighting to break the roll of light still connecting his wand with Harrys Harry held onto his wand more tightly, with both hands, and the golden thread remained unbroken. Do nothing unless I command you Voldemort shouted to the Death Eaters.And then an unearthly and stunning sound filled the air.It was coming from every thread of the light-spun web vibrating arou nd Harry and Voldemort. It was a sound Harry recognized, though he had heard it only once before in his life phoenix song.It was the sound of hope to Harrythe most beautiful and welcome thing he had ever heard in his life.He felt as though the song were inside him instead of just around him.It was the sound he connected with Dumbledore, and it was almost as though a friend were speaking in his ear.Dont break the connection.I know. Harry told the music, I know I mustntbut no sooner had he thought it, than the thing became much harder to do. His wand began to vibrate more powerfully than everand now the beam between him and Voldemort changed tooit was as though large beads of light were skid up and down the thread connecting the wands Harry felt his wand give a shudder under his hand as the light beads began to slide behind and steadily his way.The direction of the beams movement was now toward him, from Voldemort, and he felt his wand shudder angrily.As the closest bead of light mo ved nearer to Harrys wand tip, the wood beneath his fingers grew so hot he feared it would burst into flame. The closer that bead moved, the harder Harrys wand vibrated he was sure his wand would not survive contact with it it felt as though it was about to shatter under his fingers He tough every last particle of his mind upon forcing the bead back toward Voldemort, his ears full of phoenix song, his eyes furious, wintryand late, very slowly, the beads quivered to a halt, and then, just as slowly, they began to move the other wayand it was Voldemorts wand that was vibrating extra-hard nowVoldemort who looked astonished, and almost fearful.One of the beads of light was quivering, inches from the tip of Voldemorts wand. Harry didnt understand why he was doing it, didnt know what it might achievebut he now concentrated as he had never done in his life on forcing that bead of light right back into Voldemorts wandand slowlyvery slowlyit moved along the golden threadit trembled for a momentand then it connected.At once, Voldemorts wand began to emit echoing screams of painthen Voldemorts red eyes widened with shock a dense, smoky hand flew out of the tip of it and vanishedthe ghost of the hand he had do Wormtailmore shouts of painand then something much larger began to blossom from Voldemorts wand tip, a great, grayish something, that looked as though it were made of the solidest, densest smoke.It was a headnow a chest and fortificationthe torso of Cedric Diggory.If ever Harry might have released his wand from shock, it would have been then, but instinct kept him clutching his wand tightly, so that the thread of golden light remained unbroken, even though the thick gray ghost of Cedric Diggory (was it a ghost? it looked so solid) emerged in its entirety from the end of Voldemorts wand, as though it were squeezing itself out of a very narrow tunneland this shade of Cedric stood up, and looked up and down the golden thread of light, and spoke.Hold on. Harry, i t said.Its voice was distant and echoing. Harry looked at Voldemorthis wide red eyes were still shockedhe had no more judge this than Harry hadand, very dimly. Harry heard the frightened yells of the Death Eaters, prowling around the edges of the golden dome.More screams of pain from the wandand then something else emerged from its tipthe dense shadow of a second head, quickly followed by arms and torsoan old man Harry had seen only in a dream was now push himself out of the end of the wand just as Cedric had doneand his ghost, or his shadow, or whatever it was, cruel next to Cedrics, and surveyed Harry and Voldemort, and the golden web, and the connected wands, with mild surprise, leaning on his walking stick.He was a real wizard, then? the old man said, his eyes on Voldemort. Killed me, that one did.You fight him, son.But already, yet another head was emergingand this head, gray as a smoky statue, was a charwomans.Harry, both arms shaking now as he fought to keep his wand stil l, saw her throw away to the ground and straighten up like the others, staring.The shadow of Bertha Jorkins surveyed the battle before her with wide eyes.Dont let go, now she cried, and her voice echoed like Cedrics as though from very far away. Dont let him get you, Harry dont let goShe and the other two shadowy figures began to pace around the inner walls of the golden web, opus the Death Eaters flitted around the outside of itand Voldemorts dead victims whispered as they circled the duelers, whispered words of encouragement to Harry, and hissed words Harry couldnt hear to Voldemort.And now another head was emerging from the tip of Voldemorts wandand Harry knew when he saw it who it would behe knew, as though he had expected it from the moment when Cedric had appeared from the wandknew, because the man appearing was the one hed thought of more than any other tonight.The smoky shadow of a tall man with untidy hair fell to the ground as Bertha had done, straightened up, and looke d at himand Harry, his arms shaking madly now, looked back into the ghostly face of his father.Your mothers coming he said quietly. She wants to see youit will be all righthold on.And she camefirst her head, then her bodya young woman with long hair, the smoky, shadowy form of Lily Potter blossomed from the end of Voldemorts wand, fell to the ground, and straightened like her husband. She walked close to Harry, looking down at him, and she spoke in the same distant, echoing voice as the others, but quietly, so that Voldemort, his face now livid with fear as his victims prowled around him, could not hear.When the connection is broken, we will linger for only momentsbut we will give you timeyou must get to the Portkey, it will return you to Hogwartsdo you understand, Harry?Yes, Harry gasped, fighting now to keep a hold on his wand, which was slipping and sliding beneath his fingers.Harry whispered the figure of Cedric, take my body back, will you? Take my body back to my parents,I wi ll, said Harry, his face screwed up with the effort of holding the wand.Do it now, whispered his fathers voice, be ready to rundo it now.NOW Harry yelled he didnt think he could have held on for another moment anyway he pulled his wand upward with an almighty wrench, and the golden thread broke the cage of light vanished, the phoenix song died but the shadowy figures of Voldemorts victims did not disappear they were closing in upon Voldemort, shielding Harry from his gaze And Harry ran as he had never run in his life, knocking two stunned Death Eaters deflection as he passed he zigzagged behind headstones, contact their curses following him, hearing them hit the headstones he was dodging curses and graves, pelting toward Cedrics body, no longer aware of the pain in his leg, his whole being concentrated on what he had to do Stun him he heard Voldemort scream.Ten feet from Cedric, Harry dived behind a marble angel to avoid the jets of red light and saw the tip of its wing shatte r as the spells hit it. Gripping his wand more tightly, he dotted out from behind the angel Impedimenta he bellowed, pointing his wand wildly over his shoulder at the Death Eaters running at him.From a muffled yell, he thought he had stopped at least one of them, but there was no time to stop and look he jumped over the cup and dived as he heard more wand blasts behind him more jets of light flew over his head as he fell, stretching out his hand to grab Cedrics armStand aside I will kill him He is mine shrieked Voldemort. Harrys hand had closed on Cedrics wrist one tombstone stood between him and Voldemort, but Cedric was too heavy to carry, and the cup was out of reach Voldemorts red eyes flamed in the darkness. Harry saw his mouth curl into a smile, saw him raise his wand.Accio Harry yelled, pointing his wand at the Triwizard Cup. It flew into the air and soared toward him. Harry caught it by the handle He heard Voldemorts scream of frenzy at the same moment that he felt the je rk behind his navel that meant the Portkey had worked it was speeding him away in a whirl of wind and color, and Cedric along with him.They were going back.

General Giap Essay

universal Vo Nguyen Giap is maybe the most important figure in the early history of communist Vietnam with the exception of Ho khi Minh. General Giaps skills and expertise of were an essential element of the cut defeat in 1954. However General Giap cannot be held solely responsible, the political skills of Ho chi Minh (the leader of the Viet Minh independence movement) cannot be underestimated. There were umpteen reasons for the cut defeat in Vietnam, abundant mistakes were make and the Viet Minh were lead by two of the greatest leading of the 20th century.Giap rchestrated the defeat of the French and was particularly important in the betrothal of Dien Bien Phu. Ho chi Minh was an see revolutionary and passionate nationalist infatuated by a single goal independence for his country. He was a central fgure in the movement to free Asia from the restraints of colonialism. Ho Chi Minh was ultimately working towards the departure of Vietnam from French colonial rule and unity o f views between the army and the mess. Ho Chi Minh was a founding member of the Indochinese Communist Party (ICP).The goals of the ICP included the overthrow of the French establishment of an independent Vietnam uled by a peoples government help people in production, anti-literacy, sanitation and disease prevention. General Giap was the air force officer and Defence Minister of North Vietnam from 1944-1980 and was an integral comp int in the unravelling of French control in Vietnam. Previously, on the outbreak of World state of war II, Giap fled to china to Join Vietnamese Communist leader Ho Chi Minh, which led to the formation of the Vietnamese Independence League, abbreviated to Viet Minh.In 1945, armed propaganda teams under Giaps check became the Peoples Liberation Army. Subsequently in 1945, Giap served as interior minister in Ho Chi Minhs revolutionary government created to defeat the French. Giaps strength lay as a military commander and his scrupulous attention to organ isation, which were vital elements in the French downfall. The Vietnamese opposition to the French began almost as soon as the French began to rule. The Vietnamese traditionally have resisted foreigners.Their defeat of China previously gave them a reputation of being one of the most feared nations in South East Asia, significance that it took the French an extended amount of time to gain overall control. Prior to the 20th century, resistance to the French was constant and violent. The resistance was traditional and localised, involving isolated attacks which were easily contained by the French. Furthermore, World War One gave momentum and momentum to the growth of nationalism, the strong wish for growth, freedom and independence of ones country and patriotism for Vietnam.Many Vietnamese men were forced to serve in France during WW1 and those who returned brought with them the revolutionary concept of nationalism and as a result the nature of the resistance changed to a more nati onal approach rather than regionally focussed. Additionally, in 1905, Japan became the first Asian power in modern times to efeat a European power during a large naval battle. The Vietnamese determination and motivation were boosted, demonstrating that they could potentially defeat the French, one ot the most intluential European powers at the time.Following the reoccupation of Indochina by the French at the end of World War Two, the Viet Minh rebelled against the French and this became known as the first Indochinese war. French lack of knowledge of Vietnamese geography made it difficult for them to defend themselves. The army trained the people in guerrilla tactics that were highly booming as they were unlike any approach in the Western world. The unpredictable nature of the guerrilla tactics also minimised the losses of the Viet Minhs army, making it stronger.The French army began to wear down, decreasing the mens morale and eventually leading to an easier fght for the Viet Min h. Initially the French underestimated Vietnamese ability unbeknown to the French they were numerically disadvantaged with 13000 Frenchmen fghting a 35000 strong Viet Minh Peoples Army. Prior to the war it was acknowledged that Ho Chi Minhs original name, Nguyen Tat Thanh, was widely known as many people had heard that he had been a ajor realiseer of peasants and workers rights, who in turn supported him.This meant that if he needed a place to hide, the local peasants happily helped, making the Viet Minh virtually untraceable. The widespread support of Ho Chi Minh also meant that people rely the movement towards independence and nationalism giving the Viet Minh the political edge over the French. Back in France, the French public were beginning to realise that the conflict in Vietnam was not worth the effort therefore support for the conflict was lessening. In addition, the Vietnamese determination and strength could not be matched by the French the Viet Minh had ne thing that the French did not, a goal.The Viet Minh and Giap had learnt invaluable lessons from previous conflicts and mistakes, whereas the French had not. Dien Bien Phu was the longest confrontation and most unwarranted battle of the French Expeditionary Corps. It was the final undoing of the French. In 1953, as both sides prepared for relaxation talks in the Indochina War, French military commanders selected Dien Bien Phu as the location for a fght with the Viet Minh. Viet Minh guerrillas and troops from the Peoples Army of Vietnam surrounded Dien Bien Phu during the build up of the garrisons.The Viet Minh concealed artillery and supplies in camouflaged caves on the luck face. The Viet Minhs initial assault on the French almost immediately proved the vulnerability and flawed defence of the French. The French supplies and weapons were flown in by plane however, this usually led to the shelling of the aircraft. The Viet Minh used local peasants to bring in supplies and weaponry, through dens e forests, an entry the French had written off as impassable. As source A suggests The Army established a good relationship with the people and relied on the people to fight and defeat the enemy.Giap used the element of surprise by skilfully employing supporting operations which deceived the French. Giap easily identified the Frenchs critical vulnerability and used their mistakes to his own advantage. The work of a great strategist. One crucial decision that Giap made was when he moved his own headquarters to the Dien Bien Phu battle site. This allowed him to personally oversee the conflict, and clear up confusion or misunderstandings straight away. General Giap was able to conservatively dictate time and place engagements throughout his meticulously planned operation. The heavy